Length–weight relationships of five catfish species (Siluriformes) from the Ganga River,India

Knowledge of the length–weight relationships (LWRs) of fish is an important tool to understand fish body form, growth pattern, stock management and their conservation. The present study focused on investigating the length–weight relationships for five catfish species, Pachypterus atherinoides (Bloch, 1794), belonging to family Horabagridae; Batasio batasio (Hamilton, 1822) family Bagridae; Bagarius yarrelli (Sykes, 1839), family Gogangra viridescens (Hamilton, 1822); and Sisor rhabdophorus (Hamilton, 1822) belonging to family Sisoridae. Specimens were collected from the middle stretch of the Ganga River in India from November 2016 to May 2018. A total of 174 specimens of five fish species were collected, and their total lengths were measured to the nearest centimetre and the body weight to the nearest gram. The value of the parameter slope (b) of LWRs of the five species ranged from 2.86 (B. yarrelli) to 3.16 (G. viridescens), with a mean value of 2.99. The results of the present study documented the new maximum total length (TL) for P. atherinoides and S. rhabdophorus. The present study also provides the first reference regarding LWRs for S. rhabdophorus.     

Springback analysis of thin rectangular bars of non-linear work-hardening materials under torsional loading

A theoretical analysis of the springback of narrow rectangular strips of non-linear work-hardening material under torsional loading has been carried out. This theoretical analysis is supported by experimental results for rectangular mild steel strips of different thicknesses and lengths. Finally an analytical generalized expression relating angle of twist to twisting moment and residual angle of twist per unit length for rectangular strips under plastic torsion is obtained in non-dimensionalized form. A comparison between the results obtained for bars of non- linear and linear work-hardening materials loaded under torsion is also made.     

INFLUENCE OF DESIGN AND OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS ON YIELD OF FULLERENES

Fullerene production by arc-discharge method using graphite electrodes has been studied with respect to influence of different design and operational parameters on fullerene yield in a constant arc fullerene reactor. The design parameters like reactor length, diameter, heat transfer area and operational parameters like voltage, current, pressure, coolant flow rate, graphite evaporation rate and electrode diameter etc. have been experimentally studied in detail to establish a relationship between these parameters and fullerene yield. All the parameters affecting the yield have been correlated by dimensional analysis and an equation to calculate the fullerene yield is derived. It was observed experimentally as well as by dimensional analysis that many favorable parameters for getting good yield are linked with other parameters which also get changed if the favorable parameters are changed and thus it is difficult to make a substantial change in the yield of fullerenes.  The relationship established between the yield and parameters is however useful in optimising fullerene yield in a reactor and also helpful in designing a futuristic fullerene reactor of improved yield and productivity. The fullerene yield from different designs of reactors is obtained in the range of 4% to 20%.     

PCAAD—an object-oriented expert system for assembly of printed circuit boards

Abstract: Electronics manufacturing is the fastest growing segment of the manufacturing domain today. The rapid change in printed circuit board manufacturing has been possible with the induction of surface-mounted components and robotic assembly. The high density packaging capability of surface-mounted technology has contributed enormously to the development of new trends in printed circuit board manufacturing.
PCAAD—Printed Circuit Board Assembly Advisor—is an expert system developed to capture this new technology and its interaction with the existing through-hole-mounting technology. In building the system, rules and guidelines pertaining to assembly are formulated and incorporated into the knowledge-base. The system is built on an object-oriented paradigm. The object-oriented approach, Smalltalk-80, the object-oriented language and the hierarchical rule structure paradigm are briefly discussed. A rating system is also introduced to rank various assembly designs. PCAAD can advise whether or not to proceed with assembly with a particular assembly design, and suggests assembly modification at the early stage of design to eliminate the assembly problems in the later phase of board production.     

Estimation of Concentration of Particles in Polymerizing Fluid during Centrifugal Casting of Functionally Graded Polymer Composites

The concentration of uniformly distributed particles in a fluid changes with time in the direction of gravitational or centrifugal force to form a concentration gradient. The change in the concentration is an outcome of velocity variation of particles in a fluid. A modified equation for terminal velocity, v _m of particles in polymerizing-fluid under centrifugal force is proposed to estimate the changes in the volume fraction of particles in the graded composites. The proposed equation introduces the effect of cure kinetics of polymer and its effect on particle movement in the model that was based on the modified Stoke’s law, considering the parameters related to particle hindrance, centrifugal force, particle dimensions, viscosity variation etc. The model predictions of concentration changes at the different locations of samples were compared with calcium carbonate filled polysulphide-modified-epoxy graded composites prepared by centrifugal casting.. The effect of particle size, delayed curing rate of matrix were explored. The simulated results are in good agreement with those of experiments.     

Optimization of A-TIG process parameters using response surface methodology

In the present work, the influence of process parameters such as welding current (I), welding speed (S), and flux coating density (F) on different aspects of weld bead geometry for example depth of penetration (DOP), bead width (BW), depth to width ratio (D/W), and weld fusion zone area (WA) were investigated by using the central composite design (CCD). 9–12% Cr ferritic stainless steel (FSS) plates were welded using A-TIG welding. It was observed that all input variables have a direct influence on the DOP, BW, and D/W. However, flux coating density has no significant effect on WA. Mathematical models were generated from the obtained responses to predict the weld bead geometry. An optimized DOP, BW, D/W, and WA of 6.95?mm, 8.76?mm, 0.80, and 41.99?mm², respectively, were predicted at the welding current of 213.78 A, the welding speed of 96.22?mm/min, and the flux coating density of 1.99?mg/cm². Conformity test was done to check the practicability of the developed models. The conformity test results were in good agreement with the predicted values. Arc constriction and reversal in Marangoni convection were considered as major mechanisms for the deep and narrow weld bead during A-TIG welding.     

Study on dislocation density,microstructure, and mechanical properties of P92 steel for different heat treatment conditions

The impact of various heat treatment procedures on microstructure, dislocation density, hardness, tensile characteristics, and impact toughness of P92 steel was examined in the current experiment. The martensitic microstructure and average microhardness of 463 HV 0.2±8 HV 0.2 of the normalized steel were prevalent. A tempering procedure was carried out at 760 °C for a range of 2 hours to 6 hours. Additionally, an X-ray diffraction examination was carried out, and the results were used to determine the dislocation density. The normalized sample was characterized by a high dislocation density. The dislocation density was decreased by tempering of normalized samples. With an increase in tempering time, the effect of the treatment coarsened the grains, precipitates, and decreased the area fraction of precipitates. After tempering, MX, M₂₃C₆, and M₇C₃ types precipitates were found to have precipitated, according to energy dispersive spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction research. The ideal tempering period was determined to be 4 hours at a tempering temperature of 760 °C based on the microstructure and mechanical characteristics. Steel that was tempered at 760 °C for 4 hours had a yield strength of 472 MPa, an ultimate tensile strength of 668.02 MPa, and an elongation of 26.05 %, respectively.     

Influence of Silicon Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Piston Alloys

In this paper, the influence of silicon particle morphology on mechanical properties of two piston alloys has been reported. Alloys having nominal composition Al-12%Si-1%Ni-0.8%Cu-0.6%Mg (LM13) and Al-17%Si-1%Ni-0.8%Cu-0.6%Mg (LM28) were prepared by melting and casting. The morphology of silicon crystals was changed using additives during the melt treatment and subsequently by heat treatment. Mechanical properties such as hardness, ductility, and tensile strength of experimental alloys were tested. Test results showed that the melt treatment and heat treatment of both the alloys increased the tensile strength, hardness, and ductility. However, the influence of melt treatment on mechanical properties was not as significant as that of heat treatment. Tensile strength and ductility of LM13 was found to be higher than the LM28 alloy under similar conditions. Hardness of LM28 was higher than the LM13 alloy. Optical and SEM studies showed a change in eutectic silicon morphology on melt treatment of LM13. However, change in morphology of primary silicon particles was not significant as for LM28. Heat treatment of both alloys caused spheroidization and better distribution of eutectic silicon crystals. Sharp-edged primary silicon particles were rounded off after the heat treatment of LM28. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of tensile fractured surfaces was carried out to study the influence of microstructure on fracture mode. Heat treatment of both alloys promotes dimple fracture. However, as-cast and melt-treated alloys show predominantly cleavage fracture.     

Morphology,Mineralogy and Mixing of Individual Atmospheric Particles Over Kanpur (IGP): Relevance of Homogeneous Equivalent Sphere Approximation in Radiative Models

Estimation of the direct radiative forcing (DRF) by atmospheric particles is uncertain to a large extent owing to uncertainties in their morphology (shape and size), mixing states, and chemical composition. A region-specific database of the aforementioned physico-chemical properties (at individual particle level) is necessary to improve numerically-estimated optical and radiative properties. Till date, there is no detailed observation of the above mentioned properties over Kanpur in the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP). To fill this gap, an experiment was carried out at Kanpur (IITK; 26.52°N, 80.23°E, 142 m msl), India from April to July, 2011. Particle types broadly classified as (a) Cu-rich particles mixed with carbon and sulphur (b) dust and clays mixed with carbonaceous species (c) Fe-rich particles mixed with carbon and sulfur and (d) calcite (CaCO₃) particles aged with nitrate, were observed. The frequency distributions of aspect ratio (AR; indicator of extent of particle non-sphericity) of total 708 particles from April to June reveal that particles with aspect ratio range >1.2 to ≤1.4 were abundant throughout the experiment except during June when it was found to shift to high AR range, >1.4 to ≤1.6 (followed with another peak of AR i.e. >2 to ≤2.4) due to dust storm conditions enhancing the occurrence of more non-spherical particles over the sampling site. The spherical particles (and close to spherical shape; AR range, 1.0 to ≤1.2) were found to be <20% throughout the experiment with a minimum (11.5%) during June. Consideration of Homogeneous Equivalent Sphere Approximation (HESA) in the optical/radiative model over the study region is found to be irrelevant during the campaign.