Analysis of Power Supply Noise in the Presence of Process Variations

Characterizing the impact of variability on circuit performance measurements (delay, power, and signal integrity) is necessary to avoid chip failure. The authors present a comprehensive methodology for analyzing the impact of device and metal variations on the power supply noise, and hence the signal integrity, of on-chip power grids.     

Techniques for estimating test length under random test

When a circuit is tested using random or pseudorandom patterns, it is essential to determine the amount of time (test length) required to test it adequately. We present a methodology for predicting different statistics of random pattern test length. While earlier methods allowed estimation only of upper bounds of test length and only for exhaustive fault coverage, the technique presented here is capable of providing estimates of all statistics of interest (including expected value and variance) for all coverage specifications.Our methodology is based on sampling models developed for fault coverage estimation [1]. Test length is viewed as awaiting time on fault coverage. Based on this relation we derive the distribution of test length as a function of fault coverage. Methods of approximating expected value and variance of test length are presented. Accuracy of these approximations can be controlled by the user. A practical technique for predicting expected test length is developed. This technique is based on clustering faults into equal detectability subsets. A simple and effective algorithm for fault clustering is also presented. The sampling model is applied to each cluster independently and the results are then aggregated to yield test lengths for the whole circuit. Results of experiments with several circuits (both ISCAS '85 benchmarks and other practical circuits) are also provided.This work was done while the author was with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901.     

Removal of p-nitrophenol using hydrodynamic cavitation and Fenton chemistry at pilot scale operation

In the current work removal of p-nitrophenol has been investigated using hydrodynamic cavitation, either operated individually or in combination with H₂O₂ and conventional Fenton process. In hydrodynamic cavitation, two different cavitating devices viz. orifice plate and venturi have been used. Effect of different operating parameters such as initial concentration (5 g/l and 10 g/l), inlet pressure (over a range 5.7–42.6 psi) and pH (over a range 2–8) on the extent of removal has been investigated. In conventional Fenton process two loadings of FeSO₄, 0.5 g/l and 1 g/l were investigated and three ratios of FeSO₄:H₂O₂ viz. 1:5, 1:7.5 and 1:10 were used. Removal observed with venturi was higher than with orifice plate in combination with Fenton chemistry. For 5 g/l initial concentration of p-nitrophenol, maximum removal of 63.2% was observed whereas for 10 g/l solution it was 56.2%.     

Sudden cardiac death: a retrospective and prospective study

Since the inception of mobile coronary care units (MCCU), patients with sudden cardiac death (SCD) saved by advanced emergency medical technicians (EMT-A) can be studied retrospectively and prospectively. Forty-eight cases of SCD found in ventricular fibrillation (VF) were successfully resuscitated. Only 32% had a myocardial infarction. Most survivors were New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I or II. All class IV survivors with severe congestive heart failure died within 45 days. All class II survivors had angina as the limiting factor. Of all patients with VF, 23% survived. Eighty percent of survivors were class I or II and have resumed previous lifestyles. No clear cut symptom complex was identified. Rescue response time was generally less than five minutes. Intracardiac medications were administered without complications. Empirical administration of sodium bicarbonate correlated poorly with arterial blood gas determinations.     

Quaternary 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDs) with Tunable Bandgap

Alloying/doping in 2D material is important due to wide range bandgap tunability. Increasing the number of components would increase the degree of freedom which can provide more flexibility in tuning the bandgap and also reduces the growth temperature. Here, synthesis of quaternary alloys Mo_x W_1?x S_2y Se_{2(1?y )} is reported using chemical vapor deposition. The composition of alloys is tuned by changing the growth temperatures. As a result, the bandgap can be tuned which varies from 1.61 to 1.85 eV. The detailed theoretical calculation supports the experimental observation and shows a possibility of wide tunability of bandgap.     

Mechanical and thermal properties of wood fibers reinforced poly(lactic acid)/thermoplasticized starch composites

Thermoplasticized starch (TPS) filled poly(lactic acid) (PLA) blends are usually found to have low mechanical properties due to poor properties of TPS and inadequate adhesion between the TPS and PLA. The purpose of this study was to investigate the reinforcing effect of wood fibers (WF) on the mechanical properties of TPS/PLA blends. In order to improve the compatibility of wood with TPS/PLA blends, maleic anhydride grafted PLA (MA‐g‐PLA) copolymer was synthesized and used. TPS, TPS/PLA blends, and WF reinforced TPS/PLA composites were prepared by twin‐screw extrusion and injection molded. Scanning electron microscope and crystallinity studies indicated thermoplasticity in starch. WF at two different weight proportions, that is, 20% and 40% with respect to TPS content were taken and MA‐g‐PLA at 10% to the total weight was chosen to study the effect on mechanical properties. At 20% WF and 10% MA‐g‐PLA, the tensile strength exhibited 86% improvement and flexural strength exhibited about 106% improvement over TPS/PLA blends. Increasing WF content to 40% further enhanced tensile strength by 128% and flexural strength by 180% with respect to TPS/PLA blends. Thermal behavior of blends and composites was analyzed using dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018 , 135, 46118.     

Labor migration amongst hierarchically competing and intervening origins and destinations

"A spatial interaction methodology is developed for modeling flows in a hierarchical system. A competing and intervening destinations framework is employed to model and predict U.S. state-to-state labor migration. This analysis is used to assess the importance of geographic variables in explaining variations in regional labor flows. Empirical findings suggest that U.S. labor migration is largely explained by...size, distance, locational accessibility, and intervening opportunities in a spatial hierarchy. It is also suggested that lagged migration or migrant stock is a product of the combined effect of these forces."     

pH Sensing Properties of Flexible,Bias‐Free Graphene Microelectrodes in Complex Fluids: From Phosphate Buffer Solution to Human Serum

Advances in techniques for monitoring pH in complex fluids can have a significant impact on analytical and biomedical applications. This study develops flexible graphene microelectrodes (GEs) for rapid (<5 s), very‐low‐power (femtowatt) detection of the pH of complex biofluids by measuring real‐time Faradaic charge transfer between the GE and a solution at zero electrical bias. For an idealized sample of phosphate buffer solution (PBS), the Faradaic current is varied monotonically and systematically with the pH, with a resolution of ≈0.2 pH unit. The current–pH dependence is well described by a hybrid analytical–computational model, where the electric double layer derives from an intrinsic, pH‐independent (positive) charge associated with the graphene–water interface and ionizable (negative) charged groups. For ferritin solution, the relative Faradaic current, defined as the difference between the measured current response and a baseline response due to PBS, shows a strong signal associated with ferritin disassembly and the release of ferric ions at pH ≈2.0. For samples of human serum, the Faradaic current shows a reproducible rapid (<20 s) response to pH. By combining the Faradaic current and real‐time current variation, the methodology is potentially suitable for use to detect tumor‐induced changes in extracellular pH.     

Precise shape analysis using field sensitivity

We present a static shape analysis technique to infer the shapes of the heap structures created by a program at run time. Our technique is field sensitive in that it uses field information to compute the shapes. The shapes of the heap structures are computed using two components: (a) Boolean functions that capture the shape transitions due to the update of a field in a structure, and (b) through path matrices that store approximate path information between two pointer variables. We classify the shapes as one of Tree, Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) and Cycle. The novelty of our approach lies in the way we use field information to remember the fields that cause a heap structure to have a particular shape (Tree, DAG or Cycle). This allows us to easily identify the field updates that cause shape transitions from Cycle to DAG, from Cycle to Tree and from DAG to Tree. This makes our analysis more precise as compared to earlier shape analyses that ignore the fields participating in the formation of a shape. We implemented our analysis in GCC as a dynamic plug-in as an interprocedural data-flow analysis and evaluated it on some standard benchmarks against a field-insensitive shape analysis technique as a baseline approach. We are able to achieve significant precision as compared to the baseline analysis (at the cost of increase in analysis time). In particular, we are able to infer more precise shapes for 4 out 7 Olden benchmarks, and never detect more cycles than the baseline analysis. We further suggest enhancements to improve the precision of our analysis under some constraints and to improve the analysis time at the cost of precision.