The valorisation and management of agri‐food waste are currently hot investigation topics which probe the recovery of valuable compounds, such as polyphenols. In this study, high‐pressure/high‐temperature extraction (HPTE) and ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) have been used to study the recovery of phenolic compounds from grape marc and olive pomace in hydroalcoholic solutions. The main phenolic compounds in both extracts were identified by HPLC‐DAD. Besides extraction yield (total polyphenol and flavonoid content) and the antiradical power, polyphenol degradation under HPTE and UAE has also been studied. HPTE with ethanol 75% gave higher phenolic extraction yields: 73.8 ± 1.4 mg of gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried matter and 60.0 mg of caffeic acid equivalents per gram of dried matter for grape marc and olive pomace, respectively. In this study, the efficient combination of ethanol/water mixture with HPTE or UAE has been used to enhance the recovery of phenolic compounds from grape marc and olive pomace. HPLC‐DAD showed that UAE prevents phenolic species degradation damage because of its milder operative conditions. 相似文献
Wireless nanonetworks are not a simple extension of traditional communication networks at the nano-scale. Owing to being a completely new communication paradigm, existing research in this field is still at an embryonic stage. Furthermore, most of the existing studies focus on performance enhancement of nanonetworks via designing new channel models and routing protocols.
However, the impacts of different types of nano-antennas on the network-level performances of the wireless nanonetworks remain still unexplored in the literature. Therefore, in this paper, we explore the impacts of different well-known types of antennas such as patch, dipole, and loop nano-antennas on the network-level performances of wireless nanonetworks. We also investigate the performances of nanonetworks for different types of traditional materials (e.g., copper) and for nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes and graphene). We perform rigorous simulation using our customized ns-2 simulation to evaluate the network-level performances of nanonetworks exploiting different types of nano-antennas using different materials. Our evaluation reveals a number of novel findings pertinent to finding an efficient nano-antenna from its several alternatives for enhancing network-level performances of nanonetworks. Our evaluation demonstrates that a dipole nano-antenna using copper material exhibits around 51% better throughput and about 33% better end-to-end delay compared to other alternatives for large-size nanonetworks.
Furthermore, our results are expected to exhibit high impacts on the future design of wireless nanonetworks through facilitating the process of finding the suitable type of nano-antenna and suitable material for the nano-antennas.
The antibacterial properties of boron-containing compounds are well known although there are limited studies available on the pure boron nanoparticles. In this paper, nanoboron particles are characterized in terms of their particle size, shape, stability and surface charge before and after their application onto textile surfaces to study their impact on bacterial activity. It was observed that the boron nanoparticles are effective in limiting the bacterial growth of both Gram-negative and positive species without requiring any stimulation to initiate the antibacterial action. In addition to the antibacterial functionality evaluation of the free boron nanoparticles, nanoboron coated textiles were also characterized and determined to change the wettability and surface charge of the textiles with a variable antimicrobial response to the different species. Consequently, we propose pure nanoboron as a new anti-bacterial agent that can function without external stimulation. 相似文献
The statistical characteristics and the orientation of a remotely generated swell superimposed upon a local wind generated rough sea surface are determined from computer simulated polarimetric data. The full wave approach is used to determine the incoherent backscatter Mueller matrix elements and the incoherent backscatter Graves power matrix elements as functions of azimuth angle, the colatitude (angle measured from the vertical axis), and rough sea surface (with swell) parameters. The relationships between the incoherent backscatter Mueller matrix as well as the incoherent backscatter Graves power matrix and the statistical characteristics of the swell and its orientation are presented here. On making suitable selections of the backscatter angle and polarization of the Mueller matrix elements or Graves power matrix elements, it is possible to determine reliably the orientation and statistical characteristics of remotely generated swells. Traditionally only the scattering cross sections are utilized in remote sensing. 相似文献
The unified full wave approach is used to determine the tilt modulation of the like- and cross-polarized (high-resolution) radar backscatter cross sections for the rough sea surface. Real or synthetic aperture radars (SARs) with small effective footprints (resolution cells) are considered. Since the unified full-wave approach accounts for Bragg scattering as well as specular point scattering in a self-consistent manner, it is not necessary to adopt a two-scale model for the rough sea surface. The sea surface slope probability density function is assumed to be Gaussian. The backscattering cross sections are evaluated for all angles of incidence (normal to grazing). For tilts in the plane of incidence, the modulation of all the cross sections is largest at angles of incidence of 10°. The cross-section modulation due to tilts perpendicular to the plane of incidence critically depends on the incident and scattered polarizations. The effective filtering of the large-scale spectral components of the rough sea surface by the high-resolution radar is accounted for, and the dependence of the cross-section tilt modulation on the size of the effective footprint is determined 相似文献
The full wave approach is used to derive a unified formulation for the like and cross polarized scattering cross sections of composite rough surfaces for all angles of incidence. Earlier solutions for electromagnetic scattering by composite random rough surfaces are based on two-scale models of the rough surface. Thus, on applying a hybrid approach physical optics theory is used to account for specular scattering associated with a filtered surface (consisting of the large sonic spectral components of the surface) while perturbation theory is used to account for Bragg scattering associated with the surface consisting of the small scale spectral components. Since the full wave approach accounts for both specular point scattering and Bragg scattering in a self-consistent manner, the two-scale model of the rough surface is not adopted in this work. These unified full wave solutions are compared with the earlier solutions and the simplifying assumptions that are common to all the earlier solutions are examined. It is shown that while the full wave solutions for the like polarized scattering cross sections based on the two-scale model are in reasonably good agreement with the unified full wave solutions, the two solutions for the cross polarized cross sections differ very significantly. 相似文献