Attack Resilient and Efficient Protocol based on Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing—Mobility Awareness for Preventing the Attack in the VANET

Wireless Personal Communications - A Greedy Perimeter Coordinator Routing and Mobility Awareness (GPCR-MA) vehicular routing is a widely accepted routing protocol for VANET (Vehicular Ad hoc...     

On the Performance of a Two-User MIMO Downlink System in Heavy Traffic

A multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) downlink system in which data is transmitted to two users over a common wireless channel is considered. The channel is assumed to be fixed for all transmissions over the period of interest and the ratio of anticipated average arrival rates for the two users, also known as the relative traffic rate, is the system design parameter. A packet-based traffic model is considered where data for each user is queued at the transmit end. A queueing analog for this system leads to a coupled queueing system for which a simple policy is known to be throughput-optimal under Markovian assumptions. Since an exact expression for the performance is not available, as a measure of performance (in heavy traffic), a diffusion approximation is established. This diffusion process is a two-dimensional (2-D) Semimartingale Reflecting Brownian Motion (SRBM) living in the positive quadrant of 2-D space     

A Novel Heterogeneous Clustering Protocol for Lifetime Maximization of Wireless Sensor Network

The network lifetime of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is one of the most challenging issues for any network protocol. The nodes in the network are densely deployed and are provided with limited power supply. The routing strategy is treated as an effective solution to improve the lifetime of the network. The cluster based routing techniques are used in the WSN to enhance the network lifespan and to minimize the energy consumption of the network. In this paper, an energy efficient heterogeneous clustering protocol for the enhancement of the network lifetime is proposed. The proposed protocol uses the sensor energy for the clustering process in a well-organized manner to maximize the lifetime of network. The MATLAB simulator is used for implementing the clustering model of proposed protocol and for measuring the effectiveness of the proposed technique the comparison is performed with the various existing approaches such as Stability Election Protocol, Distributed Energy Efficient Clustering and Adaptive Threshold Energy Efficient cross layer based Routing.

     

A Markov Decision Process based flow assignment framework for heterogeneous network access

We consider a scenario where devices with multiple networking capabilities access networks with heterogeneous characteristics. In such a setting, we address the problem of efficient utilization of multiple access networks by devices via optimal assignment of traffic flows with given utilities to different networks. We develop and analyze a device middleware functionality that monitors network characteristics and employs a Markov Decision Process (MDP) based control scheme that in conjunction with stochastic characterization of the available bit rate and delay of the networks generates an optimal policy for allocation of flows to different networks. The optimal policy maximizes, under available bit rate and delay constraints on the access networks, a discounted reward which is a function of the flow utilities. The flow assignment policy is periodically updated and is consulted by the flows to dynamically perform network selection during their lifetimes. We perform measurement tests to collect traces of available bit rate and delay characteristics on Ethernet and WLAN networks on a work day in a corporate work environment. We implement our flow assignment framework in ns-2 and simulate the system performance for a set of elastic video-like flows using the collected traces. We demonstrate that the MDP based flow assignment policy leads to significant enhancement in the QoS provisioning (higher rate allocation, lower packet delays and packet loss rates) for the flows and better access network utilization, as compared to policies that allocate flows to different networks using greedy approaches or heuristics like average available bit rate on the networks.     

Modelling strategies for the incorporation and correction of optical effects in EUVL

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is a leading candidate for the 22 nm node lithography and beyond. However, there are still some critical problems before EUVL may be deployed in high-volume manufacturing. One of the critical problems is to estimate the EUVL aerial image formation for optical proximity correction (OPC) in order to compensate for EUVL effects such as shadowing and flare. This study discusses aerial image formation through modeling of optical transfer function to assimilate optical diffraction, long range layout dependent flare effects, and shadowing effects due to non-telecentric imaging optics in the EUV case. Hence, after optimizing optical process parameters to model the EUV aerial image, this study will investigate OPC modeling methods employed to compensate these optical effects in the mask design flow.     

Nanowire Assisted Mechanotyping of Cellular Metastatic Potential

Nanotechnology has provided tools for next generation biomedical devices which rely on nanostructure interfaces with living cells. In vitro biomimetic structures have enabled observation of cell response to various mechanical and chemical cues, and there is a growing interest in isolating and harnessing the specific cues that 3D microenvironments can provide without the requirement for such culture and the experimental drawbacks associated with it. Here, a randomly oriented gold coated Si nanowire substrate with patterned hydrophobic–hydrophilic areas for the differentiation of isogenic breast cancer cells of varying metastatic potential is reported. When considering synthetic surfaces for the study of cell-nanotopography interfaces, randomly oriented nanowires more closely resemble the isotropic architecture of a natural extracellular matrix. In the study reported here, the authors show that primary cancer cells preferably attach to the hydrophilic region of randomly oriented nanowire substrate while secondary cancer cells do not adhere. Using machine learning analysis of fluorescence images, cells are found to spread and elongate on the nanowire substrates as compared to a flat substrate, where they mostly remain round. Such platforms can not only be used for developing bioassays but also as stepping stones for tissue printing technologies where cells can be selectively patterned at desired locations.     

Concurrent error detection of fault-based side-channel cryptanalysis of 128-bit RC6 block cipher

Fault-based side channel cryptanalysis is very effective against symmetric and asymmetric encryption algorithms. Although straightforward hardware and time redundancy based concurrent error detection (CED) architectures can be used to thwart such attacks, they entail significant overhead (either area or performance). In this paper we investigate two systematic approaches to low-cost, low-latency CED for symmetric encryption algorithm RC6. The proposed techniques have been validated on FPGA implementations of RC6, one of the advanced encryption standard finalists.     

Characterization and fracture behavior of bismuth–tin thermal fuse alloy wires produced by the Ohno continuous casting process

Bismuth–tin binary alloys containing high bismuth concentrations of 40 to 77% were continuously cast into wires of approximately 2 mm in diameter with casting speeds between 15 and 150 mm min^?1 using the Ohno Continuous Casting (OCC) process. The microstructure was examined and tensile tests were performed for wires cast at various speeds. It was found that for slowly cast wires containing large primary bismuth dendrites, bismuth fracture occurring along the (111) plane exerted a key role in wire fracture, while microstructures with refined bismuth dendrites exhibited a mixture of bismuth cracks and inter-phase decohesion, allowing the accommodation of larger strain before wire fracture. For wires with microstructures containing primary tin dendrites, inter-phase decohesion played a key role in wire fracture.     

Effect of anodization voltage on the formation of phase pure anatase nanotubes with doped carbon

Carbon doped titania nanotubes were prepared by anodization of titanium in a fluoride containing ethylene glycol based electrolyte. Anatase crystallization temperature of the nanotubes varied with respect to anodization voltage. A detailed characterization study and mechanistic analysis of formation and stability of anatase phase of the nanotubes is reported. The findings suggest useful heat treatment parameters for obtaining pure anatase phases of the carbon doped titania nanotubes synthesized by anodization at 40 and 60 V.