Electrophoretic deposition of monochrome and color phosphor screens for information displays

This paper reviews our research on the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of phosphors for the processing of monochromatic and color screens for information displays. Our investigation began with the study of the fundamentals of the EPD process for phosphors. The processing variables which enhance the adhesion strength of phosphor deposits were determined. The optical performance of phosphors deposited by EPD was shown to be not affected by the process itself nor by the conditions which enhance phosphor adhesion. Processes developed to produce high-resolution color screens by combining EPD and photolithography techniques are described. Also, a method to electrophoretically deposit phosphor in a thermo-reversible gel from mixtures of poly(butyl methacrylate) and isopropanol was examined.     

Video microscopic analysis of ionophore induced acrosome reactions of lobster (Homarus americanus) sperm

Sperm from the American lobster (Homarus americanus) are normally nonmotile. However, during fertilization, the sperm undergo a calcium-dependent acrosome reaction that propels them forward about 18 microns. The reaction occurs in two phases, eversion and ejection, which take place too quickly to permit analysis by direct observation. The purposes of this study were to examine the structural changes occurring in sperm during the normal acrosome reaction and to determine the rate of the reaction using video microscopy. The reaction was induced in vitro by ionophore A23187 and recorded using a video system attached to a Nikon Nomarski interference microscope. Videotapes were played back frame by frame (30 frames/sec), and images of reactions from 10 sperm were analyzed. The acrosome reaction, including the eversion of the acrosomal vesicle and ejection of the subacrosomal material and nucleus, can be divided into 4 steps: (1) expansion of the apical cap followed by expansion of the remainder of the acrosomal cylinder; expansion of the cylinder begins at its apical end and proceeds toward its base, (2) eversion of the apical half of the acrosomal vesicle and initial contraction of the apical cap, (3) eversion of the basal half of the acrosomal vesicle, continued contraction of the apical cap, and ejection of the subacrosomal material and nucleus, and (4) final contraction of the apical cap and ejection of the acrosomal filament. During steps 2, 3, and 4, the mean forward movement of sperm is 12.7, 3.9, and 1.1 microns, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Chromosome 9p deletions in invasive and noninvasive nonfunctional pituitary adenomas: the deleted region involves markers outside of the MTS1 and MTS2 genes

We have screened 57 cases of primary, nonfunctional, pituitary adenomas for loss of heterozygosity of markers on chromosome 9p. Using a panel of 11 microsatellite markers, we found hemizygous deletion with at least one of the markers in 18 tumors (31.5%). The frequency of loss was similar in both noninvasive (8 of 26; 31%) and invasive tumors (10 of 31; 32%), suggesting that loss on this chromosome might be an early event in pituitary tumorigenesis. Two discrete areas of loss were punctuated by a region of retention of heterozygosity between the markers D9S171 and IFNA, indicative of homozygous deletion. However, multiplex PCR analysis (MTS1 and MTS2) and the presence of a 3' untranslated region polymorphism in MTS1 suggested that neither of these tumor suppressor genes was homozygously deleted. In 6 of the 18 tumors showing LOH, sufficient DNA was also available for Southern blot analysis and, in all cases, showed retention of MTS1. Cell mixing experiments of tumor cell DNA homozygously deleted for MTS1 with DNA in which neither copy of the gene was deleted only gave rise to a signal at contamination levels greater than 30% and could discriminate homozygous and hemizygous loss. These studies support the recent findings that mechanisms other than hemi- and homozygous deletion are most likely responsible for the loss of MTS1 gene product in pituitary tumors (M. Woloschak et al., Cancer Res., 56: 2493-2486, 1996.). These data show that losses on either side of 9p21-22, both or either of which may be deleted, are involved in pituitary tumorigenesis and provide evidence for distinct suppressor gene loci, in addition to MTS1, on chromosome 9p.     

Gonadotrophin heterogeneity and biopotency: implications for assisted reproduction

The extensive heterogeneity of the gonadotrophin hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), is due primarily to the heterogeneous nature of their carbohydrate side-chains, in particular sialic acid residues. In this review, we discuss the role of carbohydrate chains in receptor binding and activation, biological activity, and metabolic half-life. The synthesis and secretion of the various glycoforms of both FSH and LH appear to be under endocrine control with gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH), oestradiol and testosterone playing important roles. Evidence for different glycoforms having variable biopotency or different encoded functions is increasing, and the production and secretion of more or less acidic gonadotrophin species in different physiological states may represent an important mechanism whereby the pituitary regulates gonadal cell and organ function. This has potential importance for the development of new pharmaceutical reagents and new therapeutic regimens in assisted reproduction. It is envisaged that the use of existing and new forms of FSH/LH will allow patients to be treated in a more controlled and physiological manner, with treatment regimens individualized to the needs of the patient.     

Development of high‐definition aqueous polyvinylpyrrolidone photoresists for cathode ray tubes

Aqueous photoresists that are capable of higher resolutions than are currently employed by the cathode ray tube (CRT) industry were developed by combining photoactivators, which activate at shorter UV wavelengths with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). Two photoactivators were synthesized: 4,4′‐diazido‐2,2′‐biphenyl disodium disulfonate (DABP), which has a maximum absorbance at 264 nm, and 4,4′‐diazido‐2,2′‐biphenylethane disodium disulfonate (DABPE), which has a maximum absorbance at 258 nm. The PVP/DABP and PVP/DABPE photoresists successfully imaged a pattern with resolution as small as 4.4 μm with photoactivator concentrations greater than 20% of the PVP concentration. Addition of silane and emulgen greatly improved the performance of the photoresists with more uniform coatings of thicknesses of up to 1.4 μm. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1637–1644, 2006