SHAPE GENERALIZED ISOTHERMAL EFFECTIVENESS FACTOR FOR FIRST-ORDER KINETICS

A generalized effectiveness factor equation (Eq. (32)), in terms of modified Bessel functions, is derived for a catalyst pellet of arbitrary shape. The derivation is based on utilizing an appropriate one-dimensional approximation for the Laplacian in an arbitrary shaped body subjected to a uniform external concentration field. The comparison of the result with the available expressions for various geometries is highly satisfactory. It unifies the expressions for the three fundamental shapes, viz., infinite slab, infinite cylinder and sphere, and also compares very well with the exact solutions for finite shapes over the entire range of the Thiele modulus.     

The possible role of arterial radial vibration in heart rate and blood pressure matching

MOTIVATION: This study tests if the 'oscillating spring' analogy for the radial vibration of the arterial wall can help to describe the relationship between the heart rate (HR), the blood pressure (BP), and properties of the arterial wall when different types of stimulation are applied on the cardiovascular system. It may help to suggest a possible role for arterial radial vibration in the association between the arterial stiffening and hypertension. METHODS: Either mechanical stimulation was applied (0.5-mmHg pressure variation) to Wistar rats by at near-HR frequency (group A) or administered Propranolol (2mg/kg i.p.; group B), and measured HR and BP simultaneously. RESULTS: In both groups, HR and BP were noted to change in the same direction (r2 = 0.72 and 0.62, respectively; p both < 0.05 by F-test). ANCOVA was performed on these two regression lines, and it was found that there was no significant difference between them (p > 0.3). CONCLUSION: In both groups, changes in haemodynamic parameters can be explained by the 'oscillating spring' analogy for the radial vibration of the arterial wall. This illustrates that, when facing various stimulations, it may be an important regulatory mechanism for the heart and the arteries to restore their frequency-matching condition in order to improve the arterial transmission efficiency. Paying more attention to the radial movement of the wall may therefore help to suggest a novel explanation of the mechanism that underlies the bidirectional relation between hypertension and arterial stiffening.     

环境保护对炼铁技术发展的影响

钢铁工业消耗大量能源和原材料并产生工业废料，大部分废料来自炼铁。因此，为了维持钢铁工业不断发展，新的工艺必须考虑这个地球村各处的环境法规。本文针对中国的情况，并考虑其未来的需求，评述了高炉法、电弧炉中的ＨＢＩ／ＤＲＩ法以及回转炉底／熔炼还原法等三种冶炼钢铁工艺的特点。     

On the kinetics of coupled sulfur and oxygen transfer through an ionic diaphragm

Turkdogan and Griveson have shown experimentally by use of the coupled S-O reaction in ionic melts that it is possible to transfer sulfur or oxygen from a low to a high chemical potential through an ionic membrane. A new rate expression has been derived by applying the relations of irreversible thermodynamics under the constraint of electrical neutrality. The experimental results obtained by Turkdogan and Grieveson² are satisfactorily interpreted by means of the new analysis.     

Spatial incoherence in phase retrieval based on focus variation

We investigate the effect of spatial incoherence on two methods of phase retrieval based on focus variation: the transport of intensity equation and iterative wave function reconstruction. Spatial incoherence provides an upper bound on the defocus step size which should be used in each case. The requirement that phase information manifests itself in sufficient variation in the defocused images provides a lower bound on the defocus step size which should be used in each case. The scaling of these upper and lower bounds with object size and imaging resolution differs in such a way that, given the spatial incoherence properties of the source, for sufficiently low resolutions neither technique can retrieve phase information. The regions of applicability of the two techniques are discussed.     

Impurity modes in one-dimensional photonic crystals-analytic approach

Abstract

We investigate the impurity problem in one-dimensional photonic crystals using the two-band Bloch wave approximation. The impurity level, as the lasing mode, is described in terms of the width and the dielectric function of the impurity, which are in fair agreement with the numerical data by the transfer matrix method. The maximum field intensity and the strongest spatial localization occur when the impurity mode is at midgap, indicating large gain enhancement of the lasing mode. The threshold gain and the optimal conditions for the impurity are evaluated. Effects of surface variations are also analysed to further improve the efficiency of the lasing system.     

Computer generation of binary Fresnel holography

Binarization of Fresnel holograms by direct thresholding based on the polarity of the fringe pattern is studied. It is found that if the hologram is binarized (i.e., for black and white hologram pixels) in this manner, only the edges of the object are preserved in the reconstructed image. To alleviate the errors caused by binarization, the use of error diffusion has been routinely employed. However, the reconstructed image using such standard technique is heavily contaminated with random noise. In this paper, we propose a novel noniterative method for generating Fresnel holograms that are suitable for binarization. Our method is capable of preserving good visual quality on the reconstructed images.     

Kinetics of the reactions between silica and alumino-silicate refractories and molten iron

The rate of corrosion of silica and alumlno-silicate refractories in Armco iron melts at 1600°C was measured. A standard “immersion” technique was used under both static and dynamic conditions. It was found that the corrosion of the refractories in Armco iron melts was initially controlled by a chemical reaction process but changed rapidly to a steadystate, diffusion-controlled process. A liquid silicate product layer built up at the interface during the induction period. The steady-state rate of corrosion was independent of the oxygen content of the melt and was also found to be a linear function of the peripheral velocity of the refractory specimen. The rate of corrosion for the various refractories was measured and found to be controlled by diffusion of iron and oxygen in the silicate layer.