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1.
Repeated reference creates strong expectations in addressees that a speaker will continue to use the same expression for the same object. The authors investigate the root reason for these expectations by comparing a cooperativeness-based account (Grice, 1975) with a simpler consistency-based account. In two eye-tracking experiments, the authors investigated the expectations underlying the effect of precedents on comprehension. The authors show that listeners expect speakers to be consistent in their use of expressions even when these expectations cannot be motivated by the assumption of cooperativeness. The authors conclude that though this phenomenon seems to be motivated by cooperativeness, listeners' expectation that speakers be consistent in their use of expressions is governed by a general expectation of consistency. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)  相似文献   
2.
This paper deals with a development process of a vibration energy harvesting device in aircraft applications. The vibration energy harvester uses ambient energy of mechanical vibration and it provides an autonomous source of energy for wireless sensors or autonomous applications. This application presents a complex engineering problem and the vibration energy harvester consists of precise mechanical part, electro-mechanical converter, electronics and a powered application. It can be perceive as a mechatronic system and a mechatronic approach was used for development of our vibration energy harvester. An essential step of development process is simulation modeling which is based on mechatronic approach. Presented model-based design of vibration energy harvester is very useful during development process and the whole development process of the autonomous energy source is presented in this paper. The main aim of the paper is an introduction of our development methodology and our approach is presented on a sample of the vibration energy harvester for aircraft applications under project ESPOSA.  相似文献   
3.
This paper studies the problem of how to conduct external sorting on flash drives while avoiding intermediate writes to the disk. The focus is on sort in portable electronic devices, where relations are only larger than the main memory by a small factor, and on sort as part of distributed processes where relations are frequently partially sorted. In such cases, sort algorithms that refrain from writing intermediate results to the disk have three advantages over algorithms that perform intermediate writes. First, on devices in which read operations are much faster than writes, such methods are efficient and frequently outperform Merge Sort. Secondly, they reduce flash cell degradation caused by writes. Thirdly, they can be used in cases where there is not enough disk space for the intermediate results. Novel sort algorithms that avoid intermediate writes to the disk are presented. An experimental evaluation, on different flash storage devices, shows that in many cases the new algorithms can extend the lifespan of the devices by avoiding unnecessary writes to the disk, while maintaining efficiency, in comparison with Merge Sort.  相似文献   
4.
Certifying the behavior of autonomous systems is essential to the development and deployment of systems in safety‐critical applications. This paper presents an approach to using a correct‐by‐construction controller with the probabilistic results of dynamic obstacle anticipation, and validates the approach with experimental data obtained from Cornell's full‐scale autonomous vehicle. The obstacle anticipation (used to calculate the probability of collision with dynamic obstacles around the vehicle) is abstracted to a set of Boolean observations, which are then used by the synthesized controller (a state machine generated from temporal logic task specifications). The obstacle anticipation, sensor abstraction, and synthesized controller are implemented on a full‐scale autonomous vehicle, and experimental data are collected and compared with a formal analysis of the probabilistic behavior of the system. A comparison of the results shows good agreement between the formal analysis and the experimental results.  相似文献   
5.
Similar to linear cities of the early 1960s, especially that of the British town of Hook (which was not built), two linear towns were planned in Israel during the years 1960–1962: Arad (completed) and Ir HaBesor (remained on paper).

The two Israeli towns highly resembled the British town, at least regarding the basic linear scheme of traffic separation, phased town growth and planning based on walking distances. However, a more thorough examination reveals an essential difference between the British linear cities and the Israeli ones, especially concerning their technological components, which were absent from the Israeli planning.

This paper examines the difference between town planning models in passing from one culture to another, while focusing on the desire to impart an ‘urban character’ to the new cities. The paper claims that ideological contents negating urbanism as a concept stood behind the Israeli linear town model, and that this fact surprisingly preserved the town's vitality for many years.  相似文献   
6.
Abstract

The goal of this study is to show that inquiry activities in a dynamic geometry environment, intentionally designed to confront students with contradictions and uncertainties, push them towards explanations that include deductive elements. Three different but dependent aspects of the activities are characterized and analysed: The epistemological, which includes all possible inquiry paths; the didactic, which involves only those paths that reflect the intention of the designer; and the cognitive, which accounts for actual student actions (conjectures and explanations) and their analyses. The research conclusions are based on the interplay among these three aspects. The analysis of students’ investigations and the analysis of their explanations fulfil, to a broad extent, the design goals.  相似文献   
7.
Quorum sensing (QS) is an efficient mode of intercellular communication between bacteria. This mode is regulated by self-produced small chemical signals, activating dedicated receptors once accumulated. Numerous architecturally complex QS cascades are cardinal for governing bacterial behaviors, such as pathogenicity, luminescence, and bacterial competence. Importantly, QS cascades are essential for the formation of bacterial multicellular communities. Once informed via QS cascades, motile cells often organize themselves into conspicuous multicellular structures that carry out specialized tasks. This review focuses on the major QS systems, playing an active role in the rise of complex bacterial communities in different bacterial models.  相似文献   
8.
The photodegradation rate of sulphadimethoxine (SMT) in water was studied under polychromatic UV light, in a bench scale apparatus. SMT photolysis was carried out at pH levels of 2.5, 6.5 and 10 to study the impact of acid base properties on the degradation of SMT. The highest SMT photolysis fluence based rate was found at pH=2.5 (k=7.22x10(-4) cm2/mJ) and the lowest rate at pH=10 (k=4.72x10(-4) cm2/mJ), thus the reaction rate decreases with an increase in pH between pH values of 2.5-10. Results indicated that direct photolysis is not satisfactory for degradation of SMT by polychromatic UV lamp as a fluence of approximately 7,000 mJ/cm2 is needed to break down 99% of SMT at pH 6.5. The photodegradation products of SMT were studied at various pH values. Photodegradation of SMT results in dissimilar relative amounts of intermediates formed at different pH values which may exert a photon demand and impact on SMT photodegradation rate.  相似文献   
9.
10.
Nerve growth conduits are designed to support and promote axon regeneration following nerve injuries. Multifunctionalized conduits with combined physical and chemical cues, are a promising avenue aimed at overcoming current therapeutic barriers. However, the efficacious assembly of conduits that promote neuronal growth remains a challenge. Here, a biomimetic regenerative gel is developed, that integrates physical and chemical cues in a biocompatible “one pot reaction” strategy. The collagen gel is enriched with magnetic nanoparticles coated with nerve growth factor (NGF). Then, through a remote magnetic actuation, highly aligned fibrillar gel structure embedded with anisotropically distributed coated nanoparticles, combining multiple regenerating strategies, is obtained. The effects of the multifunctional gels are examined in vitro, and in vivo in a 10-mm rat sciatic nerve injury model. The magneto-based therapeutic conduits demonstrate oriented and directed axonal growth, and improve nerve regeneration in vivo. The study of multifunctional guidance scaffolds that can be implemented efficiently and remotely provides the foundation to a novel therapeutic approach to overcome current medical obstacles for nerve injuries.  相似文献   
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