Numerische Simulation dichtebeeinflusster und reaktiver Stofftransportprozesse im Grundwasser

Für die Prognose der Gef?hrdung der Schutzgüter Grundwasser und Boden gewinnen numerische Programmsysteme zur Simulation von Str?mungs- und Stofftransportprozessen immer mehr an Bedeutung. Im Mittelpunkt des Interesses stehen dabei komplexe geochemische Reaktionsvorg?nge, dichtebeeinflusste Str?mungs- und Stofftransportvorg?nge, komplizierte hydraulische Gegebenheiten und die Parameterbelegung gro?er Modelle. Das hier beschriebene Programmsystem MODCALIF erlaubt die dreidimensionale Simulation der dichtebeeinflussten Str?mung und des Stofftransportes. Die Verwendung neu integrierter L?sungalgorithmen erm?glicht eine grobe r?umliche Diskretisierung und damit eine deutliche Verringerung des Rechenaufwandes. Die Berücksichtigung unterschiedlicher Ans?tze zur Beschreibung der Wechselwirkungen zwischen gel?stem Stoff und Feststoff sowie die Kopplung mit dem geochemischen Gleichgewichtsprogramm PHREEQC erlauben die Simulation des Stofftransportes für vielf?ltige Problemstellungen. Aufbauend auf einer kurzen Darstellung der theoretischen Grundlagen des Programmsystems MODCALIF wird das Programm verifiziert und seine Anwendbarkeit an zwei ausgew?hlten Fallbeispielen praktisch demonstriert.     

Prevalence of sexual assault history among women with common gynecologic symptoms

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of a sexual assault history among women with and without 3 common gynecologic complaints: dysmenorrhea, menorrhagia, and sexual dysfunction. STUDY DESIGN: Data came from 3 surveys of women randomly selected from general populations: 2 United States regional samples (n = 1428 and n = 1703) and 1 national sample (n = 963). Prevalence rates and adjusted odds ratios were calculated and combined across the 3 samples with a meta-analysis. RESULTS: The prevalence of an assault history ranged from 6% to 26% among women with 1 symptom to 13% to 40% among women with 3 symptoms. Symptoms were associated with increased odds of an assault history for women 18 to 34 years old (odds ratio 1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.56 to 2.32), 35 to 44 years old (odds ratio 1.99, 95% confidence interval 1.57 to 2.53), and >54 years old (odds ratio 1.37, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.80). Symptoms were unrelated to sexual assault history for women in the perimenopausal (45 to 54 years) age group (odds ratio 0.94, 95% confidence interval 0.71 to 1.24). Symptom level was unrelated to having disclosed assaults to a physician (odds ratio 1.17, 95% confidence interval 0.85 to 1.62). CONCLUSIONS: Women in the general population with common gynecologic complaints are at a substantially increased risk of having a history of sexual assault.     

Sex role identity in female alcoholism.

Compared 28 alcoholic women with 28 matched controls on a variety of masculinity-femininity measures (e.g., Franck Drawing Completion Test). The alcoholics were expected to earn more masculine scores than the controls on measures which tap relatively unconscious levels of sex role identity. On 2 measures of conscious femininity, the alcoholics were typically feminine. On the 3rd, a measure of attitudes toward motherhood, the alcoholics were more feminine than the controls. On a questionnaire measure of sex role style, the alcoholics gave more assertive, masculine responses than the controls, and the scores for alcoholics on a projective measure of unconscious masculinity-femininity were more masculine than those for the controls. The medical histories of the alcoholics contained a higher incidence of obstetrical and gynecological disorders than did the histories of the controls. The relationship between sex role identity disturbance and the psychological function of alcoholic women's excessive drinking is discussed. (22 ref.) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Investigation of damage-induced permeability of Opalinus clay

An excavation damaged zone (EDZ) around emplacement boreholes for radioactive waste represents a potential pathway for radionuclides due to its increased porosity and crack permeability. As clay is one of the potential host rocks for radioactive waste disposal, Opalinus clay samples from the underground rock laboratory at Mont Terri were investigated regarding their hydraulic properties – and related crack occurrence – after excavation and during stress-dependent crack closure. After determination of their hydraulic properties in untreated conditions, the samples were artificially cracked by tensile strength tests. The cracked samples were put into a triaxial pressure cell and the permeability and effective porosity were measured during stepwise increase and decrease of confining pressure. When the pressure was increased, a continuous decrease of permeability was found, which was similar for all test samples, and a mathematical expression was identified. When the pressure was decreased, no increase of permeability was observed until the samples were completely depressurized, leading to the assumption that during pressurization some kind of sealing process took place resulting in a permanent crack closure. In addition to the dependence on pressure, a time-dependent permeability reduction and thus crack closure at constant pressure was found, indicating a creep compaction behaviour of the clay. By knowing the initial permeability immediately after excavation of an emplacement borehole, the permeability reduction due to time-dependent stress variation can be calculated for use in long-term safety analyses.     

Women and substance abuse: Research directions for the 1990s.

Explores directions in which current research being conducted on women and substance abuse should go in the 1990s. In the area of definition and measurement, focus should be on (1) substance-specific vs polysubstance abuse research and (2) gender-specific consumption measures. Regarding antecedents and consequences, genetic and environmental influences, companionate drinking and drug use, and female sexuality and alcohol/drug use should be explored. Attention should also be given to the early identification and intervention of drug use. (0 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)