Effects of breed and age at slaughter on degradation of muscle lipids during processing of dry‐cured hams

Hams from Landrace, Duroc and Hampshire pigs slaughtered at ages 6, 7.5 and 9 months were processed to generate Norwegian Parma‐style hams. Lipid contents and the compositions of fatty acid classes (ΣSFA, ΣMUFA, ΣPUFA) within neutral lipids, phospholipids and free fatty acids were determined. Small differences in lipid degradation and composition of the classes were revealed. However, significant sensory differences related to lipids were observed. Breed was more important than age. Dry‐cured Hampshire hams gave a more intense mature odour that may be associated with higher overall lipid degradation. Unexpectedly, these hams also demonstrated high juiciness and tenderness, which could be related to the melting characteristics of the fat. Dry‐cured Duroc hams showed a higher susceptibility towards rancidity, presumably associated with preferential oxidation of n‐6 fatty acids relative to C18:1 n‐9. Dry‐cured Landrace hams showed the lowest juiciness and tenderness, likely due to their lower fat content (marbling).     

Analysis of Combined Systems of Two Endoreversible Engines

A single endoreversible engine can operate as a cooler, a true heat engine, a heat pump, or a refrigerator. We investigate how many different modes of operation a combined system of two endoreversible engines may display. Special attention is paid to the independent combined system which neither consumes nor supplies power.     

Nitric oxide in respiratory diseases

Recent reports have described a pathogenic role of nitric oxide in several respiratory disease. It is specially useful in the adult respiratory distress syndrome, where it acts as a selective vasodilator and improves gas exchange, decreasing pulmonary shunting. Although it has a proven bronchodilator effect, its therapeutic role in diseases such as asthma and chronic limitation of airway flow is not well defined. This article review the metabolism, mechanisms of action, potential uses and adverse effects of nitric oxide in respiratory disease.     

The Swedish approach to research and development in fire protection

Current Research Activities

The Swedish approach to research and development in fire protection     

Fringe-orientation maps and fringe skeleton extraction by the two-dimensional derivative-sign binary-fringe method

The fringe-orientation information of an interferometric fringe pattern is provided in the form of a fringe-orientation map by spin filtering. The fringe-orientation information is an important feature of fringe patterns and is helpful in many fringe-pattern processing algorithms. With the help of a fringe-orientation map the two-dimensional derivative-sign binary-fringe method is developed to extract fringe skeletons from a fringe pattern with an arbitrary fringe distribution. This fringe skeleton extraction method does not require thresholds and a thinning process. It is relatively robust and highly accurate.     

Influence of mass transfer on thermogravimetric analysis of combustion and gasification reactivity of coke

Non-isothermal TG/DTG measurements are widely used to determine kinetic parameters of oxidation and gasification of carbons, e.g. by multi-heating rate methods. Thereby it is important to avoid spurious effects due to diffusion limitations. In this work, TG/DTG experiments with activated carbon were conducted under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions. The agreement of the experimental results with results of simulations based on the intrinsic kinetics, pore diffusion and external diffusion in/to the sample (crucible) is very good. The simulations show that mass transfer has an unwanted influence on TG measurements, if the concentration of the gaseous reactant (O₂ and CO₂) is too low and/or the heating rate is too high. Based on literature data, the simulation was extended to blast furnace coke with a very low reactivity and to highly reactive coke from pyrolysis of miscanthussinensis. The simulations and theoretical considerations lead to a criterion to exclude the influence of mass transfer on TG measurements a priori. This criterion is valid for combustion as well as for gasification with steam or carbon dioxide.     

Zur Bestimmung der Anlaufdaten von Asynchron-Käfigläufermotoren mit Hilfe der numerischen Feldberechnung

Übersicht Die Vorausberechnung der Anlaufdaten von Drehstrom-Käfigläufermotoren beruht bekanntlich auf der Annahme unendlich großer Eisenpermeabilität und eindimensionaler Magnetfelder. Für Motoren sehr großer Leistung liegen Meßdaten, die bei Nennspannung gewonnen werden, mangels ausreichender Netzleistung nur in Ausnahmefällen vor. Es wird daher versucht das nichtlineare Feld eines 2800 kW Motors im Stillstand mit Hilfe eines numerischen Rechenverfahrens zu bestimmen, das auf dem skalaren Potential beruht. Fur verschiedene Läuferpositionen werden die Ströme der Läuferstäbe und des Ständers, die Kurzschlußreaktanzen und die Kräfte berechnet.

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On the determination of the starting data of a.c. squirrel-cage motors by means of numerical field calculation

Contents The calculation of the starting current and torque of a.c. squirrel-cage motors is based on infinite permeability of the iron and on one-dimensional fields. For large motors measured data are relatively rare because the necessary power supply is not available in the test-fields. In this paper it is attempted to calculate the nonlinear field of a 2800 kW motor at standstill by means of a numerical method based on the scalar potential. For different rotor positions the currents of the rotor bars and of the stator, the short circuit reactances and the forces are determined.