Metamorphism in culture and housing desing: Turkey as an example

Lawrence maintains about all architectural environments and housing that, they are both in a relationship with culture and they are a total configuration of social, demographical, psychological, human behavioral and environmental structure. Moreover, in analyzing this complex structure, he emphasizes to examine it within two perspectives: design-meaning and use. Consequently, the basic components, which affect housing design, are classified in three main topics: cultural, social, and psychological. In the light of Lawrence's ideas, under the topic of the role of culture and tradition in the development of housing, this paper aims to define the basic Turkish traditional housing principles with slogans and important examples. In this content, cultural, social and psychological components in traditional Turkish houses are held under the heading of the development of traditional Turkish house. The organization rules, the effects of the basic psycho-social components…etc., and the presence of these principles are criticized with Turkish housing examples before and after 1980. The chosen period in this study is not coincidental. The aim of choosing the periods before and after 1980 has a special meaning in Turkey's economic, politic and social life. Choosing these two basic periods, will not only point out the changes—like a metamorphism—in cultural life, but in architectural needs in Turkish houses. Therefore, in the aim of analyzing cultural changes and their effects on housing design, the architectural meanings in the elements of Turkish houses are put forward in details, in order to make some estimation for the future of changing Turkish architectural life.     

The occurrence and fate of anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals in sewage and fresh water: treatability by conventional and non-conventional processes

The presence of pharmaceutical (PhAC) residues in the environment is an emerging issue due to their continuous and uncontrolled release (via excretion from medical care) to the water environment and detrimental effects on aquatic organisms at low concentrations. A large fraction of PhAC pollution in water is composed of anti-inflammatory (AI) and analgesic (AN) drugs, which are rapidly excreted in urine. The present review is aimed to emphasize the occurrence of AI/AN wastes in sewage and fresh water bodies, their impacts on non-target organisms, and conversion or elimination by chemical, biochemical and physical treatment methods. The first part of the study is devoted to a critical review of most common AI/AN drugs and the relative efficiency of some selected sewage and drinking water treatment operations for their elimination/separation from aqueous systems. The second part focuses on pilot- or lab-scale applications of various advanced oxidation processes that are promising solutions to the ultimate degradation and/or conversion of such medical residues in effluents of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to less harmful and non-toxic products.     

A combined engineering model for the analysis of switching surge flashover characteristics of long air gaps

The flashover characteristics of long air gaps submitted to switching surge voltages may be predetermined by use of a mathematical model of leader propagation. The present model is developed from each combination of previous engineering models, and is also applied to positive rod-to-plane geometries with gap lengths up to 20 m. However, four parameters to determine leader propagation with respect to our model are adjusted in the present calculation so as to fit experimental flashover voltages and calculated flashover voltages which depend on waveforms of the applied voltage and gap length. The calculations show that these parameters are only a function of gap length. Our combined engineering model using parameters that depend on gap length allows the flashover characteristics of long air gaps to be easily determined with a microcomputer.     

Parametric analysis for a millimeter wave low noise high electron mobility transistor

This paper presents parametric analysis for low noise High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) devices suitable for mm-wave radar, satellite communication, and radiometric applications. Preliminary computations reveal that pseudomorphic HEMT devices using InGaAs/GaAs heterojunction structures offer significant improvements in power added efficiency, noise figure, gain, reliability, and input power requirements compared to standard HEMT's. A Pseudomorphic HEMT device is capable of providing a room temperature noise fiqure of 3.5dB and small signal gain of 3dB at 95 GHz, approximately.     

Parametric analysis of GaInAs devices for mm-wave applications

Metal-Insulator-Semiconducor FETs (MIS-FETs) when fabricated from GaInAs semiconductor material offer significant performance improvement at mm-wave frequencies. Higher electron velocity, power-added efficiency, device stability, transconductance and resistance to ionizing radiation are the outstanding features of these devices. Significant improvements in gain-bandwidth product, AM/PM performance, and third-order intermodulation distortion make GAInAs devices attractive for communication and radar equipment.