Has risk associated with smoking increased? Results from the Copenhagen Center for Prospective Population Studies

BACKGROUND: Two recent much cited publications have raised the concern that risk associated with cigarette smoking has so far been underestimated. In this study we wish to determine whether excess all-cause mortality associated with smoking has increased during the last 20-30 years in a study population representative of the general Danish population and whether any such changes relate to changes in smoking behaviour. METHODS: Pooled data from three prospective population studies conducted in Copenhagen with detailed information on smoking habits. A total of 31,194 subjects, 17,669 males and 13,525 females, initially examined between 1964 and 1992 with examinations repeated at intervals from 1-10 years, were followed until 1995 for all-cause mortality. Relative mortality risk in smokers versus never-smokers was calculated within periods of five calendar years and compared throughout the study period. RESULTS: Male smokers' exposure did not change during the study period whereas female smokers' exposure to tobacco increased in terms of age at smoking onset, quantity smoked and depth of inhalation. During follow-up 5744 males and 2900 females died. In males, death rate ratios (comparing continuous smokers with never-smokers) did not change in the study period. In females, ratios increased from 1964-1978 to 1979-1994 by a factor of 1.3 (95% confidence interval 1.0-1.8). CONCLUSIONS: In agreement with the observed changes in smoking habits, excess mortality in male smokers did not increase whereas excess mortality in female smokers increased slightly.     

Schäden durch kerbinduzierte Schwingbrüche

Failures by notch induced fatigue fractures Notches produce local stress concentrations and promote the formation of fatigue cracks. Characteristic types of notches as a result of design, manufacturing and operation are presented and remedial measures are discussed. Examples demonstrate the effect of different kinds of notches on various components.     

Speed reduction on through roads in Nordrhein-Westfalen.

The paper describes a program of experiments for speed reduction on 28 through roads in Nordrhein-Westfalen. In the process, different measures of construction, design, and traffic control were examined to determine their usefulness to reduce speed and to improve road safety. The need for systematic evaluation of a catalogue of measures partly resulted in unsatisfactory design conceptions for the through roads. The evaluation of the effects of the program has been carried out by use of before-and-after-studies of large extent. The speed measurements show that a distinct speed reduction can be obtained only from selected physical improvements. Measures based on optical effects and traffic signs were found to have very little effect on vehicle speeds. Furthermore, in light of the relatively small number of accidents that occur on the selected facilities, it was not possible to establish the beneficial impact of each specific control measure with statistical certainty. However, the results of the experiment have had an influence on the current definition of new design standards for main urban streets in Germany.     

Uncertainty Matters: Computer Models at the Science–Policy Interface

The use of computer models offers a general and flexible framework that can help to deal with some of the complexities and difficulties associated with the development of water management plans as prescribed by the Water Framework Directive. However, despite the advantages modelling presents, the integration of information derived from models into policy is far away from being trivial or the norm. Part of the difficulties of this integration is rooted in the lack of confidence policy makers have on the incorporation of modelling information into policy formulation. In this paper we examine the reasons for this apparent lack of confidence and explore how some tools, presently in use, address this problem. We conclude that public confidence in models is highly dependent on the way uncertainties are addressed and suggest possible directions of action to improve the current situation. Four real case studies illustrate how computer models have been used in The Netherlands for carrying out management plans at regional and national scale. We suggest that the solution to integrate modelling information into policy formulation lies on both the modelling and the policy-making communities.     

Properties of feedback solitons in a single-mirror experiment

We report on the observation of localized states (LSs) in a single-mirror feedback system using sodium vapor as the nonlinear medium. By combining experimental results with simulations based on a microscopic model and with results of a linear stability analysis of the homogeneous state, we discuss the properties of the LSs, the mechanism of their formation, their domain of existence in parameter space, their interaction with the amplitude and phase gradient in the Gaussian beam of the driving laser, and the formation of "molecules" and "clusters" of LSs. We elucidate the dominant role of diffraction in the interaction of the LSs and discuss relations between the clusters of LSs and extended patterns.     

Beiträge zur Charakterisierung der schwefelhaltigen Glucoside des Rapssamens — Thermospray-Technik/Massenspektrometrie

About Sulfur Containing Glycosides of Rape Seeds – Analysis by Thermospray Technique/Mass Spectrometry The HPLC is the method of choise for the estimation of glucosinolates occurring in rape seeds. But in comparison to GC a disadvantage is that the HPLC fractions can't be analyzed by MS directly. Such possibility is opened now with the thermospray technique. It allows to introduce the HPLC fractions immediately into the mass spectrometer system. Based on the first application of this technique to glucosinolates published by Mellon et al. (1987) the fundamentals of the thermospray technique/mass spectrometry are presented, the experimental details are explained and the characteristic ions of the thermospray mass spectra of 12 glucosinolates (desulfo derivatives) are discussed. The analytical performance of the method is examined also.     

Mammographic findings of recurrent breast cancer after lumpectomy and radiation therapy: comparison with the primary tumor

PURPOSE: To compare the mammographic findings of recurrent breast cancer with those of the primary tumor in patients who underwent lumpectomy and radiation therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mammograms were reviewed of primary and recurrent tumors in 25 patients (26 lesions). Mammographic appearance, location, and histopathologic characteristics were retrospectively compared between primary and recurrent tumors. RESULTS: Primary and recurrent tumors were mammographically similar in 21 (81%) of the 26 lesions. Of 14 primary tumors with calcifications, 12 (86%) recurred with calcifications, and of the 12 masses, nine (75%) recurred as masses. Recurrent tumors that occurred in the lumpectomy quadrant were more often similar in mammographic appearance to the primary tumor (20 of 22 tumors) than those in other quadrants (one of four tumors) (P < .02). CONCLUSION: After conservative treatment of breast cancer, the majority of recurrent tumors appear to be mammographically similar to primary tumors. It is prudent to review preoperative mammograms during follow-up of patients after lumpectomy and radiation therapy.     

Farbmeßgeräte für transparente Flüssigkeiten sichern die Qualität in der chemischen Industrie – Qualitätskontrolle an transparenten Flüssigkeiten

Colour Measuring Instruments for Transparent Liquids Safeguard the Quality in the Chemical Industry – Quality Control of Transparent Liquids In many areas of the chemical industry a complete product specification comprises – besides various other parameters – the colour characteristics as well. The colour of transparent liquids is still frequently determined by visual comparison of the product with e.g. iodine, Hazen- or Gardner colour standard solutions or appropriate colourfilter discs. In 1989 a new DIN 53995 standard for instrumental colour assessment of transparent liquids was introduced to replace the error-prone, subjective methods of visual comparisons. Dr. Lange GmbH, Düsseldorf, has developed the LICO 200 spectrophotometer under consideration of the new DIN 53995 for objective colour assessment in compliance with the iodine, Hazen and Gardner colour scales.