Diagnosis and epidural hematoma by brain scan and perfusion study: case report

By using the arterial and venous phases of an anterior cerebral perfusion study, which showed downward displacement of the sagittal sinus, and the finding of a "rim" on the delayed scans, the specific diagnosis of epidural hematoma was established.     

Hierarchical organization of cognitive memory

This paper addresses the question of the organization of memory processes within the medial temporal lobe. Evidence obtained in patients with late-onset amnesia resulting from medial temporal pathology has given rise to two opposing interpretations of the effects of such damage on long-term cognitive memory. One view is that cognitive memory, including memory for both facts and events, is served in a unitary manner by the hippocampus and its surrounding cortices; the other is that the basic function affected in amnesia is event memory, the memory for factual material often showing substantial preservation. Recent findings in patients with amnesia resulting from relatively selective hippocampal damage sustained early in life suggest a possible reconciliation of the two views. The new findings suggest that the hippocampus may be especially important for event as opposed to fact memory, with the surrounding cortical areas contributing to both. Evidence from neuroanatomical and neurobehavioural studies in monkeys is presented in support of this proposal.     

Strength and thermal strain of carbon-filled composite materials at high temperatures. Communication 2. Nature of strain and weakening of materials when heated from 290 to 3300 K

We have investigated the physicomechanical properties of carbon-filled composite materials. We have established that with an increase in temperature up to 770 K, some weakening of the materials occurs followed by their strengthening, with maximum values for the elasticity modulus E at T=1270 K and for the compressive breaking strength σ_Bat T=2270 K. In this case, the E values are about 5% greater than the original values, and the σ_B values are more than double the original values. Further increase in temperature leads to a decrease in the strength characteristics under compression. In order to explain the reasons for weakening of composites upon heating, we have investigated the characteristic behavior of the thermal strain for carbonfilled composite materials, including in the processing stages of their fabrication. We have determined the characteristic behavior of the thermal strain for the original material: carbon-fiber reinforced plastic in a phenolformaldehyde matrix, carbonized carbon-fiber reinforced plastic, and carbon-filled composite materials densified with pyrolytic carbon. We have established that the shear stresses arising in the first annealing within carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (as a result of the action of shrinkage strain) are preserved over a broad temperature interval 570–1270 K, and are the reason for weakening of carbon-filled composite materials in the same temperature range. We have carried out extensive microstructural investigations of carbonfilled composite materials, allowing us to explain the physical processes occurring in the composites under thermal and mechanical loads.     

Age and sex differences in the effects of selective temporal lobe lesion on the formation of visual discrimination habits in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Three-month-old infant monkeys with neonatal ablations of either cortical area TE or the amygdala and hippocampus and age-matched normal infants were trained in a concurrent object discrimination task with 24-hr intertrial intervals. Neonatal area TE lesions yielded a transient deficit in visual habit formation, present in the female monkeys only, whereas the same lesions in adult monkeys yielded a severe and long-lasting deficit in both males and females. Although pointing to a greater neural compensation for the early loss as compared with the later loss of cortical area TE, the results also corroborate a recent suggestion (J. Bachevalier et al; see record 1990-03600-001) that, at 3 mo of age, area TE is more fully functional in females than in males. Neither early nor late amygdalohippocampal lesions impaired the ability to form visual discrimination habits, strengthening the proposal that the habit system uses a corticononlimbic circuit. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Tools: An environment for time-shared computing and programming

The Yale Tools environment provides integrated modern computing facilities to a mixed group of programmers and users on time-shared machines. Hundreds of people use the environment every day for systems and applications programming, word-processing and university business. The success of the environment is in its integration and engineering detail. Building such a system without a high-level language and a run-time library would have been impossible.     

Long-term effects of neonatal medial temporal ablations on socioemotional behavior in monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Socioemotional abnormalities, including decreased social interactions and increased self-directed activity, were reported when rhesus monkeys with neonatal ablations of either the medial temporal lobe (AH) or the inferior temporal cortex (TE) were paired with unoperated peers at two and six months of age, though these abnormalities were more severe in Group AH (Bachevalier et al., 2001). As adults (Experiment 1), the monkeys were re-evaluated in the same dyads and their reactivity to novel toys, social status, and reactions to separation were also assessed. Group TE now showed only few if any of the abnormal behaviors observed in infancy. In contrast, Group AH continued to display decreased social interactions and increased self-directed activity and showed also increased submission and reduced responses to separation, but normal reactivity to novel toys. To determine whether this degree of socioemotional impairment was less severe than that produced by the same damage in adulthood, we assessed dyadic social interactions of monkeys raised until adulthood in laboratory conditions similar to those in Experiment 1 and then given the AH ablations (Experiment 2). Two months postoperatively these monkeys showed a small reduction in social interactions that became more pronounced six months postoperatively, yet remained less severe than that seen in the infant-lesioned monkeys. No other socioemotional effects, except for an increase in food/water consumption, were observed. The finding that neonatal AH lesions produce more severe socioemotional disturbances than the same lesion in adulthood is the reverse of the effect commonly reported for other cognitive functions after cerebral damage. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of selective neonatal temporal lobe lesions on socioemotional behavior in infant rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).

Normal infant monkeys and infant monkeys with neonatal damage to either the medial temporal lobe or the inferior temporal visual area were assessed in dyadic social interactions at 2 and 6 months of age. Unlike the normal infant monkeys, which developed strong affiliative bonds and little or no behavioral disturbances, the lesioned monkeys (each of which was observed with an unoperated control) exhibited socioemotional abnormalities and aberrant behaviors. The socioemotional changes predominated at 6 months of age and were particularly severe in monkeys with medial temporal lesions. In both the pattern and time course, the socioemotional deficits produced by the neonatal medial temporal lesions bear a striking resemblance to the behavioral syndrome in children with autism. Further analysis of these lesion-induced abnormalities in nonhuman primates may therefore provide insight into this debilitating human developmental disorder. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of muscarinic blockade in perirhinal cortex during visual recognition

Stimulus recognition in monkeys is severely impaired by destruction or dysfunction of the perirhinal cortex and also by systemic administration of the cholinergic-muscarinic receptor blocker, scopolamine. These two effects are shown here to be linked: Stimulus recognition was found to be significantly impaired after bilateral microinjection of scopolamine directly into the perirhinal cortex, but not after equivalent injections into the laterally adjacent visual area TE or into the dentate gyrus of the overlying hippocampal formation. The results suggest that the formation of stimulus memories depends critically on cholinergic-muscarinic activation of the perirhinal area, providing a new clue to how stimulus representations are stored.     

Optimization methods and available software. Part 1

Optimization theories and generally applied optimization techniques are reviewed. The versatility and the complexity anticipated in actual problems are simplified to enable the food practitioners interested in the subject to overcome some of the barriers which prevented full utilization of optimization. The paper summarizes the various mathematical methods available for solving problems of product and process optimization and provides information and advice concerning the advantages and limitations of each technique. A compiled list of optimization subroutines, guidelines and criteria for choosing the proper software are furnished.