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1.
2.
The Determinants of Debt and (Private) Equity Financing: The Case of Young, Innovative SMEs from Germany 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Financial theory creates a puzzle. Some authors argue that high-risk entrepreneurs choose debt contracts instead of equity contracts since risky but high returns are of relatively more value for a loan-financed firm. Conversely, authors who focus explicitly on start-up finance predict that entrepreneurs are the more likely to seek equity-like venture capital contracts, the more risky their projects are. Our paper is an initial step towards resolving this puzzle empirically. We present microeconometric evidence on the determinants of debt and equity financing in young and innovative SMEs. We pay special attention to the role of risk for the choice of the method of financing. Since risk is not directly observable we use different indicators for financial and project risk. It turns out that our data generally confirms the hypothesis that the probability that a young high-tech firm receives equity financing is an increasing function of the financial risk. With regard to the intrinsic project risk, our results are less conclusive, as some of our indicators of a risky project are found to have a negative effect on the likelihood to be financed by private equity. 相似文献
3.
Kelson C. Lopes Flvia S. Pereira Regiane C. M. U. Araújo Mozart N. Ramos Roy E. Bruns 《Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems》2004,70(2):157-163
Factorial design and principal component models are used to determine how ab initio H-bond stretching frequencies depend on characteristics of the molecular orbital wave functions of acetylene–HX, ethylene–HX and cyclopropane–HX π-type hydrogen complexes with X=F, Cl, CN, NC and CCH. The results obtained for the three sets of complexes show that factorial design and principal component analyses complement each other. Factorial design calculations clearly show that these frequencies are affected mostly by inclusion of electron correlation on the calculation level. On average, their values are increased by about 25 cm−1 due to a change from the Hartree–Fock (HF) to Möller–Plesset 2 (MP2) level. Valence, diffuse and polarization main effects as well as valence–diffuse, diffuse–correlation and polarization–correlation interaction effects are also important to better describe a factorial model to the H-bond stretching frequencies of these hydrogen complexes. This simplified model has been successful in reproducing the complete ab initio results, which correspond to two hundred and forty calculations. Principal component analyses applied only to hydrogen-bonded complexes whose experimental frequencies are known, has revealed that the six-dimensional original space can be accurately represented by a bidimensional space defined by two principal components. Its graphical representation reveals that the experimental intermolecular stretching frequencies are in closest agreement with the MP2/6–31+G and MP2/6–311+G ab initio results. 相似文献
4.
Direct charging of thin slabs of low carbon steel (0.05%C) was investigated by using laboratory tests on a thin-slab-casting Simulator linked with the hot deformation Simulator (Wumsi). Starting with a different initial thickness of simulated thin slabs (45 down to 25 mm) the total strain ?∑ was varied. Hot deformation schedules (with and without roughing) with different finishing temperatures TF lead to some differences in the hot strip microstructure. Nevertheless, after cold rolling and batch annealing, a rather uniform pancake-structure and a pronounced {111}-texture were achieved in the cold strip without any significant relation to the processing routs. The measurement of final mechanical properties proved that a good deep drawability of cold strip can be achieved with direct charging of thin slabs, well comparable to that after a conventional cold charging of thick slabs. 相似文献
5.
Approximately 80% of the international transport of goods is carried on by means of ships. A large portion of the transport
capacity is represented by Roll-on-Roll-off (RoRo) ships. Especially in Europe this is a relevant potential for the RoRo segment.
Consequently, the design and construction of RoRo ships plays an increasing role for German shipyards and their suppliers.
In order to make the loading and unloading procedure of trailer economically more competitive, ship owners would like to improve
the lashing of trailers on the ship. On the basis of a multibody system formalism, a software tool has been developed which
allows for an optimization of the loading of trailers on RoRo ships.
Commemorative Contribution. 相似文献
6.
Dynamic complexity investigates the required effort to maintain knowledge about a property of a structure under changing operations.
This article introduces a refined notion of dynamic problems which takes the initial structure into account. It develops the
basic structural complexity notions accordingly. It also shows that the dynamic version of the LOGCFL-complete problem D2LREACH(acyclic) can be maintained with first-order updates. 相似文献
7.
We present a method based on extended linear real quantifier elimination for multiple object semilinear motion planning, i.e. finding collision-free trajectories for several robots in a time dependent environment. For practical applicability the method is limited to polygonal objects and linear trajectories. It can, however, deal with situations involving even non-convex objects. 相似文献
8.
The MSMIE protocol [SBC89] allows processors in a distributed system to communicate via shared memory. It was designed to meet the reliability and efficiency needs of applications such as nuclear safety systems. We present a formal model of the MSMIE protocol expressed in the notation CCS. Desirable properties of the protocol are expressed in the modal mu-calculus, an expressive modal logic. We show that the protocol lacks an important liveness property. In actual operation, additional operating constraints are checked to avoid potential problems. We present a modified protocol and show that it possesses the liveness property even without checking operating constraints. We also show how parts of the analysis were automated with the Concurrency Workbench. 相似文献
9.
Das Autobahnmautgesetz zeichnet sich durch eine strenge Zweckbindung für die Mautdaten aus. Diese dürfen ausschlie?lich für
die Zwecke des Mautgesetzes erhoben und verarbeitet werden. Diese Vorgabe hat das LG Magdeburg in einem Beschluss richtungsweisend
auch für die Verbindungsdaten der GSM-Kommunikation best?tigt. 相似文献
10.
Volker Mayer 《Dynamical Systems: An International Journal》2007,22(2):169-178
We prove several essential fractal properties, such as positivity, finiteness or local infinity, of Hausdorff and packing measures of radial Julia sets for large subclasses of entire and meromorphic functions considered in our previous work: çGeometric thermodynamical formalism and real analyticity for meromorphic functions of finite order'. Most of the results proven are shown to be optimal. 相似文献