Harmonization of renewable electricity feed-in laws in the European Union

This paper focuses on the harmonization of feed-in laws in the European Union as a support mechanism for the promotion of renewable electricity. In particular, it proposes a methodology for harmonization based on a feed-in law with a modular and transparent premium for renewable electricity producers. This premium considers technology costs, some grid services, political incentives and national priorities. The proposed approach includes flexibility mechanisms to update and revise premiums, to avoid windfall profits for producers, and to share technology innovation benefits with electricity consumers while maintaining incentives for innovation. Our approach is based on the review of the main features of the German and Spanish feed-in laws, and takes into account other necessary considerations for harmonization, such as grid access, funding, definitions and standards, ownership of rights derived from renewables, and exceptions for small non-commercial producers and energy-intensive industries.     

The HORSE framework: A reference architecture for cyber-physical systems in hybrid smart manufacturing

In the Industry 4.0 era, manufacturers strive to remain competitive by using advanced technologies such as collaborative robots, automated guided vehicles, augmented reality support and smart devices. However, only if these technological advancements are integrated into their system context in a seamless way, they can deliver their full potential to a manufacturing organization. This integration requires a system architecture as a blueprint for positioning and interconnection of the technologies. For this purpose, the HORSE framework, resulting from the HORSE EU H2020 project, has been developed to act as a reference architecture of a cyber-physical system to integrate various Industry 4.0 technologies and support hybrid manufacturing processes, i.e., processes in which human and robotic workers collaborate. The architecture has been created using design science research, based on well-known software engineering frameworks, established manufacturing domain standards and practical industry requirements. The value of a reference architecture is mainly established by application in practice. For this purpose, this paper presents the application and evaluation of the HORSE framework in 10 manufacturing plants across Europe, each with its own characteristics. Through the physical deployment and demonstration, the framework proved its goal to be basis for the well-structured design of an operational smart manufacturing cyber-physical system that provides horizontal, cross-functional management of manufacturing processes and vertical control of heterogeneous technologies in work cells. We report on valuable insights on the difficulties to realize such systems in specific situations. The experiences form the basis for improved adoption, further improvement and extension of the framework. In sum, this paper shows how a reference architecture framework supports the structured application of Industry 4.0 technologies in manufacturing environments that so far have relied on more traditional digital technology.     

欧盟对农药的重新评定与我国除草剂品种发展

评述了欧盟评定的农药名单中禁用的除草剂品种及我国今后除草剂的开发与使用。     

Results of Finnish national survey on EU legislation concerning computer work

The European Directive on computer work (VDU 90/270/EEC) is implemented in the Finnish Government Decree. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the legislation and its applications in practice. The quantitative method used an online questionnaire. The respondents were employers (N = 934), employees (N = 1872) and occupational health care (OHC) units (N = 289). The majority of all these three groups considered the provisions clear and easy to understand, comprehensive, and easy to comply with. The provisions had a great impact on preventing mental overloading, arranging sight tests at the employer's cost, and on the refunding of eyeglasses for computer work. Most employers felt they did not need any more specific provisions, whereas half of the employees and OHC professionals would have liked the provisions to be more detailed. More explicit and specific regulations were also needed for practice applications in particular, as well as for the refunding of the costs of special eyeglasses for computer work. A total of 59% of the employers reported that costs of glasses are refunded, whereas the figure for employees was clearly lower (37%). OHC professionals reported that the costs of glasses were refunded in 82% of their customer workplaces. The practical conclusion is that employees' sight examinations and compensation for eyeglasses should be promoted in computer work. Moreover, ergonomic applications are best carried out in co-operation with OHC personnel.     

Cross-border issues under EU data protection law with regards to personal data protection

We are living in an inter-connected, global digital society where the services of different operating systems are universal in nature, but many Internet activities are still being tackled by national laws and regulations. A long-existing question is which law is applicable in cases of Internet activities because the online world does not have any physical boundaries. How the European Union (EU) approaches this duality has become a concern for data protection laws. By analysing some recent Court of Justice of the European Union case laws, this article seeks to discover how the EU data protection law tackles disputes involving transnational issues online, which includes its extra-territorial application and cross-border data transfers. The article also indicates that there is an enormous gap between legislation and practice.     

欧洲一体化进程对当代欧美关系的影响

近年来欧美关系的变化成为国际政治领域最值得关注的问题之一。欧美关系的新变化将深刻影响未来国际格局的形成。欧洲一体化是集经济一体化、政治一体化、社会规范化、文化均质化于一身的综合性进程，随着一体化的深入发展与冷战的结束，欧盟已成为欧洲地区重要的政治力量，欧美关系也逐渐发生变化。自身力量的增强使得欧盟谋求更大的政治影响，试图建立与美国的平等地位。目前，欧洲正日益成为一种平衡美国单极霸权的力量。欧美关系成为影响世界格局的重要变量。     

欧盟修改电池指令对我国电池行业的影响

介绍了欧盟修改电池指令和出台化学品注册、评估、许可办法(讨论稿)的目的、进展情况、涉及电池的现行法规和拟修改的内容；从中国电池产业的贸易和技术现状，分析了修改法规可能对我国产生的影响，认为，法规修改将对我国电池生产和贸易产生广泛的、负面的、深远的影响；并就企业如何应对，提出了建设性建议。     

论欧盟保护性贸易政策的特征

作为一个区域性经济贸易集团，欧盟的对外贸易政策历来备受各国关注。论文对欧盟保护性贸易政策的特征进行了分析．这些特征充分反映出欧盟是从国家集团的角度来制订相应的贸易政策的．其目的是加强对统一市场的有效保护。以抵制外部市场竞争。     

Modelling and management of smart microgrid for rural electrification in sub-saharan Africa: The case of Nigeria

Access to electricity is still a challenge in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, over 70% of the rural dwellers do not have access to electricity. The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential of a smart microgrid for off-grid rural electrification in Nigeria. A combination of design thinking and model-based design methodology is employed to select a suitable microgrid configuration and to develop a smart microgrid model. A system consisting of a solar photovoltaic array, battery energy storage and a diesel generator is selected, and the model is developed in Simulink. Demand data from 10 rural communities in Nigeria are used to validate the performance of the model and the potential for demand management is considered. The use of energy efficient light bulbs is found to reduce the peak electricity demand of the case study communities by 42 to 76%. Combining the proposed system with the use of LED bulbs makes the system to have 56 to 81% less net present cost than a system with a diesel generator alone and incandescent light bulbs. The proposed smart microgrid is found to be more suitable for off-grid rural electrification in Nigeria than diesel generators which are currently used for off-grid electrification in Nigeria.     

出口欧盟儿童及婴幼儿服装召回案例分析及相关标准研究

本文通过统计分析2010-2011年中国出口欧盟儿童以及婴幼儿服装召回案例,对我国生产的儿童以及婴幼儿服装主要存在的质量安全问题以及相关标准进行了研究,对进一步加强儿童以及婴幼儿服装的标准化管理给出了建议.