水利水电工程施工重大危险源辨析及应用

依据水利水电施工相关技术规范和安全法规,提出水利水电工程施工重大危险源辨析矩阵法。该方法首先利用LEC法对水利施工过程中的危险源进行初步判定,再用AHP法结合专家评定法对初定的危险源进行量化分析,得出综合安全指数,以此判定某项施工过程或作业是否是重大危险源。最后,利用该方法对大岗山水电站压力管道施工的危险性进行分析。     

Modelling and management of smart microgrid for rural electrification in sub-saharan Africa: The case of Nigeria

Access to electricity is still a challenge in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, over 70% of the rural dwellers do not have access to electricity. The purpose of this paper is to examine the potential of a smart microgrid for off-grid rural electrification in Nigeria. A combination of design thinking and model-based design methodology is employed to select a suitable microgrid configuration and to develop a smart microgrid model. A system consisting of a solar photovoltaic array, battery energy storage and a diesel generator is selected, and the model is developed in Simulink. Demand data from 10 rural communities in Nigeria are used to validate the performance of the model and the potential for demand management is considered. The use of energy efficient light bulbs is found to reduce the peak electricity demand of the case study communities by 42 to 76%. Combining the proposed system with the use of LED bulbs makes the system to have 56 to 81% less net present cost than a system with a diesel generator alone and incandescent light bulbs. The proposed smart microgrid is found to be more suitable for off-grid rural electrification in Nigeria than diesel generators which are currently used for off-grid electrification in Nigeria.     

引入LEC寿命管理的汽包锅炉机组负荷分配优化

以煤耗最小为目标函数的优化方法,虽然燃料费用最为节省,但是由于参数波动大且频繁,对机组造成了更大的伤害。文中将寿命延长控制（LEC）概念引入机组负荷分配优化工作中,将汽包寿命损耗考虑到机组负荷分配的优化中,在电网负荷变动越来越剧烈的形势下,这种模型是一种更加符合电厂实际的调峰方案。在寻优过程中,引入随机微粒群算法,该算法适用于快速寻优,能在速度和精度上满足计算要求。计算结果表明,LEC寿命管理方法的结果比平均分配负荷方法每日节省1393元,而寿命损耗却不增加。     

φ60mm掺碲GaP单晶的研制

用高压液封直拉法制备大直径GaP单晶重要的是控制拉制参数,如埚位、氧化硼厚度、热场、晶体坩埚直径比等.实验采用浮舟技术控制晶体直径,调整和控制参数使得晶体固液界面在拉制过程中始终凸向熔体,这对获得单晶非常重要.分析了晶体中电阻率、载流子浓度分布及位错分布.采用X射线双晶衍射对晶体质量进行了测试分析.     

LEC和RPN相结合对硫磺中砷含量检测的风险评估

如何强化实验室风险管理,保证检测机构检验人员及自身安全,是实验室管理者在风险社会背景下面临的严峻挑战。本文把LEC法和RPN法相结合对硫磺中砷含量的检测过程和检测结果中的风险识别与评价进行应用研究,分析其危害及原因,旨在为实验室风险评估提供方法借鉴,以期提高检测实验室风险评估能力的充分性和有效性。     

Deep levels in bulk LEC single crystal IxGa1-xAs

Bulk single crystals of In_xGa_1-xAs (0.01 <x < 0.12) were successfully grown by the Liquid Encapsulated Czochraski (LEC) technique. These crystals are of high quality and can provide tunable substrate material for epitaxial application, since the lattice constant may be adjusted by varying the composition. Nominally undoped crystals were semi-insulating as grown ifx is less than about 0.05. Semi-insulating crystals with higher In composition can be obtained by chromium doping during crystal growth. The asgrown crystals were studied by 4.2 K photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and thermally stimulated current spectroscopy (TSC). Results from PL measurements indicate good crystal quality and impurity control. TSC spectra reveal several bulk traps in undoped and Cr doped semi-insulating samples. The activation energies of these traps decrease as In composition is increased. The amount of change in activation energy is about one third of the bandgap shrinkage due to increased In concentration.     

LEC SI-GaAs中AB微缺陷和它对MESFET跨导性能的影响

用AB腐蚀液对SI GaAs晶片进行AB微缺陷显示 (AB微缺陷密度AB EPD :10 3～ 10 4 cm- 2 量级 ) ,用KOH腐蚀液显示位错 (位错密度EPD :10 4cm- 2 量级 ) ,发现衬底上的位错对器件跨导没有明显的影响 ,而用AB腐蚀液显示的AB微缺陷对器件性能及均匀性有明确的影响 :低AB EPD的片子跨导大 ;高AB EPD的片子跨导小。AB EPD有一临界值 ,当AB EPD高于此值时 ,跨导陡然下降。另外 ,还利用扫描光致发光光谱 (PLmapping)对衬底进行了测量 ,得出了与上述结果相符的结果。     

砷化镓材料的发展与前景

综述了世界GaAs材料的生长技术发展状况、生产状况、应用和市场状况及发展趋势。     

Growth and led evaluation ofN-type conductive lec gaas co-doped with in and si

Dislocation-free and low dislocation densityn-type conductive GaAs crystals, 50 mm in diameter, were grown by the In and Si co-doping LEC technique. Two-dimensional LED arrays were fabricated on substrates obtained from these crystals by the MOCVD technique and the influence of the In doping on the LED characteristics was examined. The light output power of LEDs fabricated on co-doped substrate with an In concentration of 1 ×10²⁰atoms/cm³ are low and are non-uniformly distributed, as compared with the boat-grown substrate, even though the co-doped substrate is dislocation-free. However, the LED properties of a substrate with an In concentration of 2 × 10¹⁸atoms/cm³ are the same as those of a boat-grown substrate. The light output power of the LEDs becomes higher as the In concentration in the substrate decreased.     

Life-cycle carbon and cost analysis of energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings

Energy efficiency in new building construction has become a key target to lower nation-wide energy use. The goals of this paper are to estimate life-cycle energy savings, carbon emission reduction, and cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency measures in new commercial buildings using an integrated design approach, and estimate the implications from a cost on energy-based carbon emissions. A total of 576 energy simulations are run for 12 prototypical buildings in 16 cities, with 3 building designs for each building-location combination. Simulated energy consumption and building cost databases are used to determine the life-cycle cost-effectiveness and carbon emissions of each design. The results show conventional energy efficiency technologies can be used to decrease energy use in new commercial buildings by 20-30% on average and up to over 40% for some building types and locations. These reductions can often be done at negative life-cycle costs because the improved efficiencies allow the installation of smaller, cheaper HVAC equipment. These improvements not only save money and energy, but reduce a building’s carbon footprint by 16% on average. A cost on carbon emissions from energy use increases the return on energy efficiency investments because energy is more expensive, making some cost-ineffective projects economically feasible.