Cold and wet: Diatoms dominate the phytoplankton community during a year of anomalous weather in a Great Lakes estuary

As sentinels of climate change and other anthropogenic forces, freshwater lakes are experiencing ecosystem disruptions at every level of the food web, beginning with the phytoplankton, a highly responsive group of organisms. Most studies regarding the effects of climate change on phytoplankton focus on a potential scenario in which temperatures continuously increase and droughts intersperse heavy precipitation events. Like much of the conterminous United States in 2019, the Muskegon River watershed (Michigan, USA) experienced record-breaking rainfall accompanied by unusually cool temperatures, affording an opportunity to explore how an alternate potential climate scenario may affect phytoplankton. We conducted biweekly sampling of environmental variables and phytoplankton in Muskegon Lake, a Great Lakes Area of Concern that connects to Lake Michigan. We compared environmental variables in 2019 to the previous eight years using long-term data from the Muskegon Lake Observatory buoy, and annual monitoring excursions provided historical phytoplankton data. Under cold and wet conditions, diatoms were the single dominant division throughout the entire growth season – an unprecedented scenario in Muskegon Lake. In 10 of the 13 biweekly sampling days in 2019, diatoms comprised over 75% of the phytoplankton community in the lake by count, indicating that the spring diatom bloom persisted through the fall. Additionally, phytoplankton seasonal succession and abundance patterns typically seen in this lake were absent. In a world experiencing reduced predictability, increased variability, and regional climate anomalies, studying periods of extreme weather events may offer insight into how natural systems will be affected and respond under future climate scenarios.     

河口海岸水文信息处理系统

应用Visual Basic6.0应用程序、Microsoft Access数据库和FORTRAN语言开发的河口海岸水文信息处理系统，具有水文现场资料整编功能、利用分潮优化技术的潮汐调和分析及预报功能，且计算工作量相对较小，预报精度高。     

长江口北支水道水沙特性分析

从实测资料出发,结合水流数值计算成果,对长江口北支水道的水流、泥沙和含盐度等资料进行分析,得出了北支水道的水沙特性,并分析了水沙变化与河床变化的相互关系.北支水道在1958年南通河段河势控制后,径流分流比逐年下降,并渐趋稳定于3%左右.北支水道受径流影响越来越小,主要受潮流作用.随着水沙特性的逐年变化,北支水道0 m以下槽蓄容量逐年减小,并渐趋稳定,北支上段为逐年淤积最快的区域.由此反过来影响了水沙条件的进一步变化,使北支上段平均潮差增加,北支的会潮点由崇头附近下移至青龙港附近.     

强潮河口桩式丁坝减冲促淤效果研究

钱塘江涌潮气势雄伟,世界闻名,但对海塘具有很大的破坏力.该文提出了一种新颖的丁坝型式——桩式丁坝,从现场观测资料对比、实体模型试验和机理分析三个方面,分析桩式丁坝的减冲促淤效果,探究丁坝护滩保塘的机理.与堆石丁坝比较,桩式丁坝具有设计合理、施工简易、坝体内无内压力、有效地减轻了局部冲刷、便于维护检修等一系列优点。桩式丁坝可广泛应用于各类河道整治、海塘保护等工程中.     

Fertilizers and eutrophication in southwestern Australia: Setting the scene

An excess of plant nutrients has caused serious eutrophication in aquatic ecosystems of southwestern Australia manifested by excessive growth and accumulation of green and bluegreen algae. Phosphorus is generally the limiting nutrient for algal growth and phosphatic fertilizers applied to nutrient-deficient, leaching, sandy soils are the main source of P, supplemented by rural industry point sources. Nitrogen is the limiting nutrient in marine embayments with little drainage from the land. Measures to reduce the load of P delivered to drainage include basing fertilizer application rates on soil testing for P and the use of less soluble P fertilizers. Catchment management plans are being implemented with community involvement to reduce P loads and maintain agricultural production. This introductory paper reviews the history of eutrophication in southwestern Australia and of studies into its causes, principally in the large Peel-Harvey estuary. It briefly summarises other papers in this special issue concerned with different aspects of the problem: how to fertilize the land without causing eutrophication.     

大潮差河口闸下水流的流动特性分析

福建数座河口水闸发生剧烈淘刷,闸上游和下游的最大冲刷深度达到闸室高度的0.5~1.2倍,且屡修屡毁。有的水闸经多次除险加固后,不得不再花巨资重建。通过数学模型和物理模型揭示了河口水闸下游水位因受东海大潮差海潮影响发生剧烈波动时的变化规律,发现了水闸泄流过程中的间歇性淹没及非常工况甚至出现逆流的独特流动现象,给出了典型日孔流及堰流泄流能力动态变化过程线,分析了消能工变化对闸址水流结构的显著影响,并对水闸水毁修复前后闸下冲刷进行了预测。结果表明:水闸修复前闸下涨急最高水位4.53 m,修复后下降0.67 m,水闸修复后逆流现象减弱。修复后首次水跃位置往上游移动了35 m,平均水跃高度下降47.46%,闸后及二级池末端最大流速2.27 m/s和0.08 m/s,较修复前分别下降了40.58%和96.48%。常遇泄流条件下,水闸的淹没度和泄流能力呈现不断变化的动态过程。当西溪水闸62#先启孔全开,上游保持正常高水位3.2 m,下游为最低潮位-0.72 m时,修复后最大冲刷深度减少64.48%,消能防冲效果十分明显。研究成果对河口水闸安全运行具有一定的参考价值。     

三峡库区梅溪河河口干支流界面水流特征

通过对三峡库区中部典型支流梅溪河库湾水动力参数及水体温度、浊度数据进行分析,研究水库运行各时期梅溪河河口干支流界面水流特性,探讨其影响因素以及水交换对库湾的影响。结果表明:梅溪河河口双向水流特征明显,在温差异重流、干流惯性作用以及库区水位变动等因素影响下,干支流界面水流强度、进出水体间界面结构及形态在不同运行期有显著差异;由于双向水流结构的存在,尽管梅溪河河口干支流界面净流量较小(多小于100 m~3/s),但是干支流水体的交换量相对显著,介于314.17~535.26 m~3/s之间,可达净流量的4~40倍;在净流量最小的低水位运行期,干流倒灌水体基本能到达支流库湾常年回水区的末端。     

长江口澄通河段床沙粒度特征分析

为了进一步研究长江口水土资源和岸线开发利用工作对该段河床演变和水动力变化的影响,根据2012年及2013年枯水期长江口澄通河段两次大范围床沙取样监测成果,分析了各主支汊床沙的物质组成,粒度分布及丰枯水年粒度特征。结果表明：澄通河段主槽砂粒粗,浅滩砂粒细;主汊砂粒粗,支汊砂粒细;总体上,从上游向下游床沙粒度逐渐变细;主槽及主汊区域床沙类型主要为细砂及粉砂质砂,支汊及浅滩区域床沙类型主要为砂质粉砂及黏土质粉砂;2012年,全河段床沙的粒度组成表现为,砂含量大于粉砂含量,粉砂含量大于黏土含量。     

河道断面测量中GPS-RTK与测深仪的联机应用

对2009年汛后黄河河口清+3—清+6断面GPS-RTK联机测量河道断面数据的情况进行了分析,结果表明:单次测量的平均误差为-0.034～0.013 m,单测次的中误差为0.041～0.068 m;在124个测点中,误差小于0.05 m的测量数据占全部数据的62.90%,误差小于0.10 m的占91.90%,误差大于0.10 m的比例约为8%;水温、声速、波浪等误差是测深误差的主要来源。     

长江洪水期三峡工程对长江口水动力特性及污水稀释扩散影响的数值模拟研究

运用ECOMSED建立了长江口的水动力模型。潮位和流速的验证结果表明模型能够较好地反应长江口的水动力特性,可以应用于长江口的实际计算。对2010年7月长江发生的大洪水对长江口的水动力特性的影响进行了模拟。模型计算结果表明,由于三峡工程的蓄水作用,使得长江口附近的流速发生明显的减小,对污水的稀释扩散和水环境也会产生一定的影响。上海三个排污口分别排出稀释度为1000的污水时,由于三峡工程的蓄水,上游来水量相应减少,不利于上海排出污水的稀释扩散。