Fetal Neurobehavioral Development: A Tale of Two Cities.

Longitudinal neurobehavioral development was examined in 237 fetuses of low-risk pregnancies from 2 distinct populations-Baltimore, Maryland, and Lima. Peru-at 20. 24. 28. 32, 36. and 38 weeks gestation. Data were based on digitized Doppler-based fetal heart rate (FHR) and fetal movement (FM). In both groups. FHR declined while variability, episodic accelerations, and FM-FHR coupling increased, with discontinuities evident between 28 and 32 weeks gestation. Fetuses in Lima had higher FHR and lower variability, accelerations, and FM-FHR coupling. Declines in trajectories were typically observed 1 month sooner in Lima, which magnified these disparities. Motor activity differences were less consistent. No sex differences in fetal neurobehaviors were detected. It is concluded that population factors can influence the developmental niche of the fetus. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

秘鲁绿山斑岩铜钼矿床地质特征及成因

绿山(Cerro Verde)斑岩铜钼矿床位于秘鲁南部古新世—始新世斑岩铜钼成矿带的北端。矿体赋存于前寒武系Charcani片麻岩、晚白垩世Yarabamba花岗闪长岩、古新世英安斑岩和石英电气石角砾岩中,热液蚀变由中心向外分别为:钾化带—泥化带—石英绢云母化带—青磐岩化带。矿床形成与板块俯冲有关的岛弧环境,受区域性印加普丘断裂控制,在古新世英安斑岩侵位,带来了大量成矿热液,形成了世界级的超大型斑岩铜钼矿床—绿山斑岩铜钼矿床。     

秘鲁Pachagon铜矿床岩石地球化学特征及成因

帕加贡铜矿床位于秘鲁北部重要斑岩成矿带上,文章就该区岩相学、矿相学、岩石化学及稀土微量元素地球化学等方面进行了研究,并依据宏观地质产状、矿石矿物组成、结构构造及生成顺序、主微量元素组成特征等,总结了矿床成因,推测矿区成矿模型。该区砂岩中的构造破碎带是矿体的主要产出部位,为受构造控制的次生铜富集带,但有证据显示其成矿与深部岩体存在一定关系:(1)矿石镜下见热液成因黄铜矿及半自形中高温矿物晶出;(2)铜的富集过程伴随不相容元素含量的递增;(3)矿物组合由浅至深辉铜矿减少,黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿增加,且随深度增加,硅化逐渐增强。综合判断矿区成矿类型:浅部为受构造控制的次生富集带铜矿,深部为与岩体有关的斑岩型铜矿床。     

Chimney stoves modestly improved Indoor Air Quality measurements compared with traditional open fire stoves: results from a small‐scale intervention study in rural Peru

Nearly half of the world's population depends on biomass fuels to meet domestic energy needs, producing high levels of pollutants responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality. We compare carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM_2.5) exposures and kitchen concentrations in households with study‐promoted intervention (OPTIMA‐improved stoves and control stoves) in San Marcos Province, Cajamarca Region, Peru. We determined 48‐h indoor air concentration levels of CO and PM_2.5 in 93 kitchen environments and personal exposure, after OPTIMA‐improved stoves had been installed for an average of 7 months. PM_2.5 and CO measurements did not differ significantly between OPTIMA‐improved stoves and control stoves. Although not statistically significant, a post hoc stratification of OPTIMA‐improved stoves by level of performance revealed mean PM_2.5 and CO levels of fully functional OPTIMA‐improved stoves were 28% lower (n = 20, PM_2.5, 136 μg/m³ 95% CI 54–217) and 45% lower (n = 25, CO, 3.2 ppm, 95% CI 1.5–4.9) in the kitchen environment compared with the control stoves (n = 34, PM_2.5, 189 μg/m³, 95% CI 116–261; n = 44, CO, 5.8 ppm, 95% CI 3.3–8.2). Likewise, although not statistically significant, personal exposures for OPTIMA‐improved stoves were 43% and 17% lower for PM_2.5 (n = 23) and CO (n = 25), respectively. Stove maintenance and functionality level are factors worthy of consideration for future evaluations of stove interventions.     

Analysis of past and future oil production in Peru under a Hubbert approach

This study evaluates scenarios for the oil production in Peru applying a Hubbert model. Two scenarios for the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) were proposed: the first, in which low investments in E&P and social and environmental barriers undermine the development of oil resources beyond the limits characterized as 2P; the second, more optimistic, in which current exploratory and production areas in Amazonia and low-explored Offshore-Shelf basins are developed, thus, increasing EUR to 3P reserves plus contingent resources. Findings show that oil production in Peru has not followed a Single-Hubbert pattern, except for the area with more drilling activity and the highest accumulated production in the Northwest coast. Actually, institutional and regulation changes and less-attractive periods for operators due to poor results in oil discoveries explain why a multi-Hubbert approach better depicted the oil production in Peru. Peru has the potential to achieve a second peak of 274 kbpd of crude oil, overcoming the peak of 195 kbpd, reached in 1982. However, most of the remaining production would be located in Amazonia, where social and environmental issues pose critical challenges.     

Management issues in the Lake Titicaca and Lake Poopo system: Importance of developing a water budget

Lake Titicaca is the largest freshwater lake in South America and the highest of the world’s large lakes. The Desaguadero River links Lake Titicaca to lakes Urur Uru and Poopo and, in wet years to the Coipasa Salt Marsh. Lake Titicaca is bordered by both Bolivia and Peru. The main international lake management problem for the Lake Titicaca/Desaguadero River/Lake Poopo system involves the use of water resources. The maximum usable flow in the Titicaca basin (only 20–25 m³ s^–1), is dramatically less than the estimated demand. Water transfer and irrigation projects will have to be strictly prioritized on the basis of environmental, social, economic and hydrological criteria. Establishing the overall volume and demand for water in the Titicaca system has been critical to making good management decisions. Agreements for the study and management of Lake Titicaca between Peru and Bolivia date back to 1955 when both countries signed a document declaring ‘the indivisible and exclusive joint ownership of both countries of the waters of the lake’. Over time, the two countries agreed to create a Binational Autonomous Authority that would have full autonomy for Titicaca–Desaguadero/Poopo system decisions related to implementing the master plan that they had developed. Although it is hard to quantify conservation success in large lake regions, water use projects are being prioritized, city wastewater pollution in the Bay of Puno is being reduced and ameliorated and a large biodiversity project through the Global Environment Facility is underway.     

秘鲁电力行业市场化改革进程及启示

自1992年开始电力行业市场化改革以来,秘鲁电力行业得到大力发展,市场化交易环境促进了电力投资,电力投资的加大进一步加强了秘鲁国内电力供应的稳定性。介绍秘鲁电力行业发展情况及改革进程,阐述改革进程中制定重要法律的意义。秘鲁电力行业市场化改革形成了较为稳定的电力市场化交易环境,同时形成了良好的电价机制和信息披露机制,对我国进行电力体制改革有一定参考作用。     

秘鲁帕加贡铜矿床地质特征及找矿标志

帕加贡(Pachagon)铜矿位于秘鲁著名的北部斑岩铜矿带上,矿区周边分布多个大型的斑岩型铜矿、铜金矿床。文章通过矿区地质特征、物化探异常、矿石矿物及工程验证综合研究,总结矿床成因,提出找矿思路及找矿标志。同时将矿区的物化探异常特征、蚀变类型、矿物组合、矿物来源等与典型的斑岩铜矿相对比,认为该矿床具有寻找斑岩型铜矿的潜力,值得进一步勘查研究。     

秘鲁阿雷基帕省邦沟铁矿床的热液成因及成矿演化

邦沟矿床位于秘鲁利马南近550 km,是南美洲西岸一处大型的铁氧化物铜金(IOCG)矿床。磁铁矿资源量超过35亿t。文章通过对矿区地质特征、高磁异常、矿体特征、矿石矿物、矿化蚀变、构造演化等的综合研究,认为该矿床成因为夕卡岩型矿床,推测邦沟矿床形成过程中存在两期成矿事件。     

秘鲁Chiclayo东部复式花岗岩基与IOCG矿床地质特征

秘鲁-智利海岸基岩带是全球著名的IOCG成矿带,成矿地质条件十分优越,发育大量富铁的铜金多金属矿床。为进一步查明秘鲁Chiclayo东部Gallinazo复式花岗岩基及与之有关的IOCG铜金多金属矿床地质特征,文章在总结分析前人成果资料的基础上,结合遥感图像解译分析,开展了野外地质调查、剖面测量、测试分析、综合研究等工作。结果表明该复式花岗岩基是一个由不同期次侵位、不同构造叠加的大型花岗岩基穹隆构造,为白垩纪侵位的一套基性－中酸性的钙碱性系列侵入岩,其周边矿化带集中分布,矿种及矿化类型较多。同时,总结出IOCG矿床找矿模型,为该区进行基础地质研究和找矿勘查等工作均具有重要的参考指导作用。