Nondestructive testing and characterization of residual stress field using an ultrasonic method

To address the difficulty in testing and calibrating the stress gradient in the depth direction of mechanical components, a new technology of nondestructive testing and characterization of the residual stress gradient field by ultrasonic method is proposed based on acoustoelasticity theory. By carrying out theoretical analysis, the sensitivity coefficients of different types of ultrasonic are obtained by taking the low carbon steel(12%C) as a research object. By fixing the interval distance between sending and receiving transducers, the mathematical expressions of the change of stress and the variation of time are established. To design one sending-one receiving and oblique incidence ultrasonic detection probes, according to Snell law, the critically refracted longitudinal wave (LCR wave) is excited at a certain depth of the fixed distance of the tested components. Then, the relationship between the depth of LCR wave detection and the center frequency of the probe in Q235 steel is obtained through experimental study. To detect the stress gradient in the depth direction, a stress gradient LCR wave detection model is established, through which the stress gradient formula is derived by the relationship between center frequency and detecting depth. A C-shaped stress specimen of Q235 steel is designedto conduct stress loading tests, and the stress is measured with the five group probes at different center frequencies. The accuracy of ultrasonic testing is verified by X-ray stress analyzer. The stress value of each specific depth is calculated using the stress gradient formula. Accordingly, the ultrasonic characterization of residual stress field is realized. Characterization results show that the stress gradient distribution is consistent with the simulation in ANSYS. The new technology can be widely applied in the detection of the residual stress gradient field caused by mechanical processing, such as welding and shot peening.     

输电铁塔螺栓连接结构健康监测技术进展与展望

输电铁塔的局部螺栓连接结构在服役过程中,受到环境静/动载荷的作用,会发生预紧力减小或松动等故障,降低整体输电铁塔结构的承载能力.因此发展输电铁塔螺栓连接结构健康监测技术对电网输电塔线体系的安全可靠运行具有重要意义.对螺栓连接结构的典型结构健康监测技术研究进展进行综述,包括基于动力学理论、导波理论、声弹性效应和计算机视觉...     

Residual Stress Analysis Using Multiparameter Tomographic Reconstruction

In this work, the potential application of acoustic tomography to determine the distribution of residual stresses is discussed. Multiparameter reconstruction techniques are presented for both 2-D and 3-D residual stress states along with results from synthetic data. The effect of measurement errors on the accuracy of the reconstruction is also presented.     

激光激发瑞利波测量铝合金焊接残余应力

根据声弹性原理提出了一种新的测量材料表面焊接应力的激光超声方法.利用Nd:YAG脉冲激光在材料表面激发高频率超声瑞利波,采用非线性激光干涉仪对检测焊接应力的超声瑞利波进行探测.探测点的位置保持不变,通过激发源的扫描来改变激发源和探测点之间的距离,干涉仪探测到一系列超声脉冲波形信号.采用波形相关技术计算相邻超声瑞利波的传播时间延迟,得出瑞利波的传播速度,进而根据声弹性理论计算出相应的应力值.通过激光源在焊缝附近的扫描,得到焊缝周围的应力分布.测量了铝焊接平板表面的残余应力,得到了样品表面的焊接应力分布.实验结果表明,这种方法可以实现样品表面焊接应力的快速扫描测量,使其在材料表面焊接应力分布无损检测领域具有一定的应用价值.     

Reduction of temperature influence in stress measurement using surface SH‐wave acoustoelasticity

Stress measurements are required to prevent collapse accidents of structures. Surface SH‐wave acoustoelasticity can measure principal stress difference nondestructively and easily. Currently, surface SH‐wave acoustoelasticity can measure with high precision using a T‐type surface SH‐wave sensor in ideal environments such as in the laboratory. However, in actual environments, it cannot be measured with high precision due to change in the temperature of the specimen. In this paper, temperature dependence of surface SH‐wave acoustoelastic constants was verified to investigate the influence of specimen temperature on surface SH‐wave acoustoelasticity. In addition, the measuring system of surface SH‐wave acoustoelasticity using a cross T‐type surface SH‐wave sensor to reduce the influence of specimen temperature was developed.     

基于声弹理论的地应力超声测量方法

首先描述岩石的声弹理论,给出岩石的应力与弹性波波速之间的理论关系;其次利用岩石应力与弹性波波速之间的理论关系提出地应力超声测量方法,即通过测量套孔应力解除前后的孔壁超声波波速的变化,利用声弹理论反演出地应力。通过数值算例讨论地应力对孔壁超声波速的影响,其结果表明,该方法可以有效地确定地应力的大小和方向。     

Acoustoelastic response of polycrystalline aggregates exhibiting transverse isotropy

Acoustoelasticity is an ultrasonic technique which has been used for the determination of active and residual stresses in common structural materials. This paper examines the effect of texture on the acoustoelastic response in polycrystalline bodies. In particular materials which are transversely isotropic aggregates of cubic crystals are studied. The second- and third-order elastic constants of the polycrystal are derived from the elastic properties of the constituent crystals, and the crystalline orientation relative to the body's symmetry axis. The acoustoelastic relations between velocity and deformation are then presented for the aggregate. Finally, evaluation of the acoustoelastic response for several ideal textures using data for aluminum single crystals shows that the response is highly dependent on the texture.     

Nondestructive test of weld residual stresses by acoustoelastic technique

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Preliminary experiments in acoustoelastic responses of a plastically deformed solid

Abstract

In this paper, the details of the experimental techniques and set‐ups needed in the acoustic birefringence measurement are given. To precisely determine the wave speeds, the Echo‐Overlap method with reflection mode is adopted. The details of the fabrication of a dual‐polarization ultrasonic shear‐wave transducer are also included. The anelastic effect which occurs in the acoustoelastic measurement of a plastically deformed steel (C1018) specimen is examined. The general assumption of slight orthotropy which is used in ultrasonic stress measurement of polycrystalline metal is tested. The annealing experiment shows that the preferred orientation of the cold‐rolled steel plate can not be changed by annealing the specimen at the recovery temperature. The measurement of the third order elastic constants of the steel specimen is also conducted.     

航空透明件应力集中的声弹检测

在应力与超声传播方向垂直情况下，建立了单向应力状态时双探头测量声速的表面波实用公式，研制了用于航空透明件表面检测的表面波超声换能器，运用表面波传播速度与表面应力之间的依赖关系，对有中心圆孔的ＹＢ－３航空透明件典型试件进行了局部应力集中状态的声弹检测实验，同时借助应变计测量方法做了对比实验。实验结果表明，构件表面局部应力声弹检测方法可靠、有效。