戏剧翻译之目的论视角

长期以来,戏剧翻译被等同于其他文学形式的翻译,＂对等＂＂忠实＂＂信＂成为衡量其成功与否的唯一标准。然而,戏剧不同于诗歌和小说等文学形式,它更加关注言语传递的即时性、舞台表演性和交际性。因此,一部戏剧译本成功与否应该以是否达到了上述目的和翻译是否充分来作为其衡量标准,在这方面,目的论为其提供了较好的理论研究视角。     

考虑动态备用需求曲线的电能量-备用耦合出清模型

电力市场中,价格帽等原因会导致缺失收入(missing money)和发电容量充裕度不足等问题。以美国得克萨斯州为代表的备用需求曲线是国外电力市场解决此问题的成熟方法之一,但得克萨斯州的曲线是相对静态的曲线,且备用价格增量推导原理未明确公开。为此,文中通过考虑可再生能源、负荷预测的不确定性,以及不同品种的备用产品,制定动态备用需求曲线。基于电能量-备用耦合现货出清模型,推导了考虑备用需求曲线的现货价格公式,并分析了国外现有机制忽略的备用价格增量高阶项问题,并通过中国华东某省数据进行验证。结果表明,备用需求曲线可以体现稀缺定价,通过备用价格增量动态反映可再生能源、负荷等波动下的系统实时容量充裕度情况。通过稀缺定价机制可以合理提高电厂收入,有利于保障系统充裕度。     

常用的基于控制流的测试充分性准则

本文介绍了几种在软件测试中常用的基于控制流的测试充分性评价准则。这些测试充分性准则适用于用过程式语言、面向对象语言编写的程序。测试人员可用这些准则判断究竟测试了多少代码,还有多少代码未测试到。     

On guiding the augmentation of an automated test suite via mutation analysis

Mutation testing has traditionally been used as a defect injection technique to assess the effectiveness of a test suite as represented by a “mutation score.” Recently, mutation testing tools have become more efficient, and industrial usage of mutation analysis is experiencing growth. Mutation analysis entails adding or modifying test cases until the test suite is sufficient to detect as many mutants as possible and the mutation score is satisfactory. The augmented test suite resulting from mutation analysis may reveal latent faults and provides a stronger test suite to detect future errors which might be injected. Software engineers often look for guidance on how to augment their test suite using information provided by line and/or branch coverage tools. As the use of mutation analysis grows, software engineers will want to know how the emerging technique compares with and/or complements coverage analysis for guiding the augmentation of an automated test suite. Additionally, software engineers can benefit from an enhanced understanding of efficient mutation analysis techniques. To address these needs for additional information about mutation analysis, we conducted an empirical study of the use of mutation analysis on two open source projects. Our results indicate that a focused effort on increasing mutation score leads to a corresponding increase in line and branch coverage to the point that line coverage, branch coverage and mutation score reach a maximum but leave some types of code structures uncovered. Mutation analysis guides the creation of additional “common programmer error” tests beyond those written to increase line and branch coverage. We also found that 74% of our chosen set of mutation operators is useful, on average, for producing new tests. The remaining 26% of mutation operators did not produce new test cases because their mutants were immediately detected by the initial test suite, indirectly detected by test suites we added to detect other mutants, or were not able to be detected by any test.

欧洲战略备用机制对我国发电容量充裕性问题的启示

确保发电容量充裕是电力系统安全运行和电力市场稳定的必要条件,是电力工业发展中需要解决的核心问题之一。随着全球能源电力低碳转型,电力系统发电容量充裕性面临着严峻挑战,国际上已实施多种容量机制。文章结合欧洲能源转型及电力市场化改革过程梳理容量机制的建设背景、发展脉络及现状,重点分析欧洲2019/943法案推荐近期适用的战略备用机制,及该机制在芬兰、德国、比利时的设计细节。双碳目标下,我国煤电将由主体电源转变为调节性、支撑性电源,亟需容量机制保障其安全平稳转型。文章梳理了我国煤电容量机制现状及问题,指出战略备用机制具有良好的适用性,分析设计实施该机制的关键问题,为国内容量机制建设提供了决策参考。     

不同充裕度指标下风电容量可信度分析与仿真

风电容量可信度评估对于风电资源的发展和电力系统扩展规划具有重要的指导意义.采用随机生产模拟技术,分析比较了基于失负荷期望(LOLE)和电量不足期望(EUE)等容量充裕度指标的风电容量可信度.理论分析和算例仿真表明,LOLE指标和EUE指标随负荷变化曲线的差异,导致了基于LOLE指标和EUE指标的风电容量可信度存在明显的差异.     

电力系统静态电压安全问题的概率评价

电压安全问题严重威胁电力系统的安全运行。根据作用时间和机理的不同，电压安全问题分为暂态安全和静态安全两个方面，后者包括静态电压稳定和静态电压偏移。文中将静态电压安全与概率充分性分析结合起来，研究在不同负荷水平下、考虑发电和输电元件随机故障时的静态电压安全问题，模拟有效的控制措施，建立量化的概率风险评价指标，给出了相应的算法流程，并以IEEE-RTS为例，讨论了负荷模型对静态电压安全的影响以及静态电压安全对概率充分性的影响，完善了概率充分性分析的模型。     

Bayes分析中基于充分性测度的多源验前信息融合

针对工程实践中遇到的验前信息的多源性特点 ,给出了一种基于充分性测度的多源验前分布的融合方法 ,通过综合利用多源验前信息 ,给出了一种较为合理的融合验前分布 ,在此基础上即可进一步进行各种可靠性分析 .最后通过仿真实例证明了该方法的有效性     

Robust resource adequacy planning in the face of coal retirements

We investigate the resource adequacy requirements of the PJM Interconnection, and the sensitivity of capacity procurement decisions to the choice of reliability metric used to measure resource adequacy. Assuming that plants fail independently, we find that PJM's 2010 reserve margin of 20.5% was sufficient to achieve the stated reliability standard of one loss of load event per ten years, with 0.012 expected loss of load events per year. PJM could reduce reserve margins to 13% and still achieve adequate levels of reliability as measured by the 2.4 Loss of Load Hours metric and the 0.001% Unserved Energy metric, which are used by other U.S. and international systems. A reserve margin of 13–15% would minimize long-run system costs. Reducing reserve margins from 20.5% to 13% in 2010 would have reduced PJM's capacity procurement by 11 GW, the same amount of coal capacity that PJM has identified as at high risk of retirement. We also investigate the risk posed by correlated failures among generators, a risk traditionally not modeled by system planners. We illustrate that three types of correlated failures may increase outage risks: natural gas supply disruptions, reduced reliability among generators during winter months, and the simultaneous shutdown of multiple nuclear generators for regulatory reasons.     

Assessing and generating test sets in terms of behavioural adequacy

Identifying a finite test set that adequately captures the essential behaviour of a program such that all faults are identified is a well‐established problem. This is traditionally addressed with syntactic adequacy metrics (e.g. branch coverage), but these can be impractical and may be misleading even if they are satisfied. One intuitive notion of adequacy, which has been discussed in theoretical terms over the past three decades, is the idea of behavioural coverage: If it is possible to infer an accurate model of a system from its test executions, then the test set can be deemed to be adequate. Despite its intuitive basis, it has remained almost entirely in the theoretical domain because inferred models have been expected to be exact (generally an infeasible task) and have not allowed for any pragmatic interim measures of adequacy to guide test set generation. This paper presents a practical approach to incorporate behavioural coverage. Our BESTEST approach (1) enables the use of machine learning algorithms to augment standard syntactic testing approaches and (2) shows how search‐based testing techniques can be applied to generate test sets with respect to this criterion. An empirical study on a selection of Java units demonstrates that test sets with higher behavioural coverage significantly outperform current baseline test criteria in terms of detected faults. © 2015 The Authors. Software Testing, Verification and Reliability published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.