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排序方式: 共有512条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
A. K. Srivastava Ram M. Shrestha S. C. Srivastava Rabin Shrestha Dharam Paul 《国际能源研究杂志》2003,27(7):671-685
The power sector in India at present comprises of five separate regional electricity grids having practically no integrated operation in between them. This study analyses the utility planning, environmental and economical effects of integrated power sector development at the national level in which the regional electric grids are developed and operated as one integrated system. It also examines the effects of selected CO2 emission reduction targets in the power sector and the role of renewable power generation technologies in India. The study shows that the integrated development and operation of the power system at the national level would reduce the total cost including fuel cost by 4912 million $, total capacity addition by 2784 MW, while the emission of CO2, SO2 and NOx would be reduced by 231.6 (1.9%), 0.8 (0.9%), 0.4 (1.2%) million tons, respectively, during the planning horizon. Furthermore, the study shows that the expected unserved energy, one of the indices of generation system reliability, would decrease to 26 GWh under integrated national power system from 5158 GWh. As different levels of CO2 emission reduction targets were imposed, there is a switching of generation from conventional coal plants to gas fired plants, clean coal technologies and nuclear based plants. As a result the capacity expansion cost has increased. It was found that wind power plant is most attractive and economical in the Indian perspective among the renewable options considered (Solar, wind and biomass). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Kevin Yale Teichman 《Indoor air》1994,4(3):202-211
Deciding between the different policy approaches available for reducing human exposures to indoor pollutants is an exceptionally complex task. These options can range from waiting until more definitive information is available to enacting regulatory standards, with many variations in between. This paper presents some of the factors policy-makers must consider in establishing indoor air quality policies, and the role researchers should play in ensuring that indoor air policies are based on the best available scientific information. 相似文献
3.
This study focuses on how to assess the optimal environmental investment decisions under economic and ecological uncertainty, and establishes the continuous time model using the real option approach to optimize environmental pollution policy. Unlike traditional cost benefit analysis, this work extends the model of [Pindyck, R.S., 2002. Optimal timing problems in environmental economics. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 26(9–10), 1677–1697], and attempts to identify the storage threshold of pollution stocks and the optimal timing for implementing environmental pollution decisions. 相似文献
4.
Gerald Foley 《Utilities Policy》1992,2(4)
The institutional aspects of rural electrification programmes are often given much less attention than their importance warrants. In a number of important ways, rural electrification is in conflia with the primary concerns of the utilities mandated to implement it. Resolving this dilemma requires a separation of functions, with the agency responsible for rural electrification being given substantial autonomy. The range of institutional options for achieving this is wide and the choice should be tailored to the local context ana programme objectives. 相似文献
5.
以技术创新机遇为例分析了核心企业选择实现市场机遇的战略模式的决策过程,并给出核心企业选择实现市场机遇的战略模式的决策模型。在模型中考虑了核心企业组建虚拟企业的一个重要目的就是快速地实现市场机遇,因此在提出的决策模型中引入了时间因素。研究结果表明,当市场机遇生命周期较长时,核心企业采取兼并策略优于组建虚拟企业,反之组建虚拟企业更有利。最后提出采用期权定价模型来判断组建虚拟企业的价值,并举例说明。 相似文献
6.
Barrier options are financial derivative contracts that are activated or deactivated according to the crossing of specified
barriers by an underlying asset price. Exact models for pricing barrier options assume continuous monitoring of the underlying
dynamics, usually a stock price. Barrier options in traded markets, however, nearly always assume less frequent observation,
e.g. daily or weekly. These situations require approximate solutions to the pricing problem. We present a new approach to
pricing such discretely monitored barrier options that may be applied in many realistic situations. In particular, we study
daily monitored up-and-out call options of the European type with a single underlying stock. The approach is based on numerical
approximation of the transition probability density associated with the stochastic differential equation describing the stock
price dynamics, and provides accurate results in less than one second whenever a contract expires in a year or less. The flexibility
of the method permits more complex underlying dynamics than the Black and Scholes paradigm, and its relative simplicity renders
it quite easy to implement. 相似文献
7.
刘铭兴 《桂林电子科技大学学报》2002,22(2):107-110
高校医院是在计划经济时期特定的历史条件下形成的医疗机构 ,其主要任务是保障高校教职工和学生的身体健康。随着医疗体制改革的不断深入 ,为适应社会主义市场经济 ,高校医院从高校中分离乃大势所趋。但根据《学校卫生工作条件》的要求 ,高校医院的服务特点之一是预防为主 ,防治结合 ,保障学生的身体健康 ,为学生创造一个良好的学习和生活环境。因此 ,社会化不是简单地由高校举办转为地方政府举办 ,而是需要全新的思路 ,需要一个较长的过程。应积极探索适合中国国情的高校医院社会化的多种选择和途径 相似文献
8.
Heinz Ludwig 《Desalination》2004,164(1):1-18
Ever since seawater desalination has been applied on an industrial scale, and particular in the countries of the Arabian Gulf, the application of desalination processes in dual-purpose facilities—water and power—as a hybrid configuration has been discussed in many feasibility investigations and also planning concepts. It is above all the combination of reverse osmosis with thermal processes that has found increasing interest with the aim of ensuring, as economically as possible, uniform water supplies under the specific, greatly varying load conditions in the Gulf countries. Such design concepts for hybrid configurations encompass straightforward structures with a low degree of coupling between membrane and thermal desalination processes, but range up to very complex configurations with strong interconnections on both the water side and thermally, as well as with several desalination processes connected in series or in parallel. Classical hybrid concepts in which the permeate from an RO desalination component is mixed with distillate from thermal desalination have already been implemented in Saudi Arabian dual-purpose plants, like Jeddah and Yanbu-Medina. Although hybrid systems of greater complexity have been addressed in many design studies and publications, up to now none has been brought to fruition. Coming into consideration asthe design basis for determining the capacity shares of the various desalination processes operated in a hybrid configuration are: arrangement of thermal cycle of the power plant component; water/power ratio of the dual-purpose seawater desalination and power plant; provision of undiminished water production of the desalination plant as electricity generation varies; provision of a specified drinking water quality with regard to composition and salt content; combination of all these aspects. Also gaining in importance are concerns of environmental pollution and sustainable development when selecting seawater desalination and power plant configurations, as well as their optimization when considering desalination and electricity generation as a whole. In the practical design of hybrid membrane and thermal systems, aspects come to light, though, that restrict linking of the two systems and joint utilization of facilities, as conceived in studies and conceptual design investigations. This applies both for common utilization of intakes and the use of heated up cooling water from thermal processes as a feed stream for the RO part of the desalination process. Additionally, requirements of drinking water composition, particularly chloride content, TDS and compliance with a specific residual content of boron, influence specifically the design of the membrane process part and its share in the total desalination capacity. Such practical aspects have greatly influenced the design and configuration of the Fujairah hybrid plant for which, from a total desalination capacity of 100 MIGD (454,600 m3/d), the share of 37.5 MIGD (170,500 m3/d) makes its seawater RO plant the biggest currently being constructed anywhere in the world. From the findings of the engineering of this plant and the idea that, by increasing interconnection between the two processes on the water side, it is possible to advance a hybrid configuration of this type with regard to cost optimization in the membrane installation, but also by joint utilization of the intake equipment, perspectives result for applied research efforts over the near and long terms, for example: long-term behavior of membranes at elevated temperatures; tendency for biofouling in membrane process with common utilization of cooling water and brine; influences of such interconnections on the overall availability of the facility. But also for the operation and maintenance organization of such large facilities, consequences can be foreseen for the future development of hybrid plants, particularly for operation management and organisation of the interplay of the different power plant and desalination systems, monitoring of SWRO membrane replacement and cleaning, as well as controlling water quality. 相似文献
9.
Federica Cucchiella Idiano D’Adamo Massimo Gastaldi S.C. Lenny Koh 《International journal of systems science》2014,45(6):1268-1282
Green supply chain management (GSCM) has emerged as a key approach for enterprises seeking to become environmentally sustainable. This paper aims to evaluate and describe the advantages of a GSCM approach by analysing practices and performance consequences in the battery recycling sector. It seeks to integrate works in supply chain management (SCM), environmental management, performance management and real option (RO) theory into one framework. In particular, life cycle assessment (LCA) is applied to evaluate the environmental impact of a battery recycling plant project, and life cycle costing (LCC) is applied to evaluate its economic impact. Firms, also understanding the relevance of GSCM, have often avoided applying the green principles because of the elevated costs that such management involved. Such costs could also seem superior to the potential advantages since standard performance measurement systems are internally and business focused; for these reasons, we consider all the possible value deriving also by uncertainty associated to a green project using the RO theory. This work is one of the few and pioneering efforts to investigate GSCM practices in the battery recycling sector. 相似文献
10.
In this paper we evaluate two alternative CCS technologies at a coal-fired power plant from an investor's point of view. The first technology uses CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) paired with storage in deep saline formations (DSF) and the second merely stores CO2 in DSF. The paper updates and improves on an earlier publication by Tzimas et al. (2005). For projects of this type there are many sources of risk, three of which stand out: the price of electricity, the price of oil and the price of carbon allowances. In this paper we develop a general stochastic model that can be adapted to other projects such as enhanced gas recovery (EGR) or industrial plants that use CO2 for either EOR or EGR with CCS. The model is calibrated with UK data and applied to help understand the conditions that generate the incentives needed for early investments in these technologies. Additionally, we analyse the risks of these investments. Investments with EOR and secondary DSF storage can only be profitable (NPV > 0) when there is a high long-term equilibrium price for oil of more than $56.38/barrel. When the investment decision can be made at any time, i.e. there is an option value, then the trigger value for optimal investment is significantly higher. 相似文献