Corrosion Behavior of 316LN and 316 Stainless Steels During Long-term Exposure to Aerated 0.5 M NaCl Using Electrochemical Noise Technique

In the present work 316LN as well as 316 stainless steel (SS) coupons each of dimensions (0.025 × 0.018 × 0.006 m³) in well-polished condition were used as two nominal electrodes which were immersed in the aerated solution of 0.5 M NaCl. Correlated current and potential electrochemical noise (EN) signals were collected at 1 Hz sampling frequency for 1 h daily over a period of 30 days. The detrended EN data were used to calculate the noise resistance (R _N) as well as the spectral noise resistance at zero frequency (R _SN^o) values and other statistical parameters. To study the nature of pits and distribution of their diameters as well as depths, extensive observations of the pitted and the blank specimens were carried out using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy (CLSM). The current and the potential records of the two alloys showed distinct differences in their corrosion behavior. It was observed that within less than 4 h of immersion, 316SS showed signals indicative of unstable pitting and onset of stable pitting was noticed after 48 h of exposure. However, until about 24 h, 316LN showed just the random signals and unstable pitting was observed after 28 h. The signals clearly indicated continuous growth of the stable pits in 316SS as against the repassivation of the unstable pits in 316LN after 7 days exposure. It was observed that R _N values showed a continuous decrease in the case of 316SS, but were quite stable in the case of 316LN over the exposure period. Concurrent to these observations it was observed that 316SS specimen was extensively pitted. The frequency distributions of pit diameters as well pit depths were observed to be highest at 10-20 μm and 5-10 μm, respectively. However, pits with as large as 70-80 μm diameter and as deep as 20-25 μm too were observed. No pits were observed in case of 316LN even after 30 days of exposure, an observation that corroborates well with the stable R _N values. Thus, in the present investigation, the long-term tests using EN technique coupled with CLSM studies conclusively prove that many unstable pits initiated in 316SS turn into stable ones resulting in insidious localized corrosion attack whereas the unstable pits initiated in 316LN get passivated in the simulated coastal environment.     

The influence of NaCl and CO2 on the atmospheric corrosion of magnesium alloy AZ91

The influence of NaCl and CO₂ on the atmospheric corrosion of magnesium alloy AZ91 is studied in the laboratory. Samples were exposed under carefully controlled air and flow conditions; the relative humidity was 95%, the temperature was 22.0°C and the concentration of CO₂ was < 1 ppm or 350 ppm. Different amounts of sodium chloride (0–70 μg/cm²) were added before exposure. The corrosion products were analyzed by gravimetry, ion chromatography, X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Mass gain and metal loss results are reported. The combination of high humidity and NaCl is very corrosive towards AZ91. However, the NaCl‐induced corrosion is inhibited by ambient concentrations of CO₂. Exposure in the absence of CO₂ gives rise to heavy pitting, with brucite, Mg(OH)₂, being the dominant corrosion product. In the presence of CO₂ a layer of hydrated magnesium hydroxy carbonate, Mg₅(CO₃)₄(OH)₂ · 5 H₂O forms. A tentative corrosion mechanism is presented that explains the behavior in the two environments.     

Failure analysis and wear mechanism study of a heavily loaded gear

Failure analysis and a study of the wear mechanism were performed on a heavily loaded carburized gear with some unusual features. The analysis showed that the different failure forms on the tooth surface of the gear were dependent on the sub-surface shearing stress, the lubrication conditions and the surface roughness. Delaminations formed on the addendum surface were the main reason for the gear failure. A suggestion for improvement has been tried, and a desirable result has been obtained.     

The generation of surface roughness during slurry erosion-corrosion and its effect on the pitting potential

Results of experiments performed to isolate the effect of surface roughness generated during slurry erosion-corrosion of 304L stainless steel are presented. Surfaces prepared by grinding to different finishes show that increasing the roughness lowers the pitting potential in chloride solution. Subsequent erosion by an aqueous sand slurry then alters this pitting potential (E_p), as measured in the solution phase alone, in a manner dependent on the initial surface roughness. Surfaces which were initially rougher show a pronounced rise in _p after erosion, while those with an initially smoother finish show a fall in E_p after erosion. Measurement of E_p during erosion-corrosion does not fit either process, with values of _Ep lower than those predicted from the surface roughness alone.     

含Cl^-溶液中SO4^2-对316不锈钢临界点蚀温度的影响

采用外加恒电位下腐蚀电流-温度扫描方法研究了在0．5％Cl^-溶液中，SO4^2-浓度对316不锈钢点腐蚀行为的影响．结果表明，随着SO4^2-浓度的增加，钝化电流增加，开路电位降低．当SO4^2-浓度低于0．42％时，316不锈钢的临界点蚀温度比不存在SO4^2-时的临界点蚀温度低；当SO4^2-浓度大于0．42％时，临界点蚀温度比不存在SO4^2-时的临界点蚀温度高．从离子竞争吸附的角度进行分析，对SO4^2-加速与抑制点蚀两种作用规律的形成原因进行了解释．     

316L不锈钢焊缝的点蚀行为

采用数显恒温水浴锅HH-4静态模拟点腐蚀的试验方法,研究316L奥氏体不锈钢焊缝在不同Cl^-浓度和温度下的三氯化铁溶液中点腐蚀行为,探讨不同的Cl^-浓度和温度变化对焊缝耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明：在三氯化铁溶液中,Cl^-浓度增加、温度升高,316L奥氏体不锈钢焊缝的耐点蚀性能下降,腐蚀速率增加,腐蚀后的表面形貌为不均匀点腐蚀。     

页岩气气田集输系统腐蚀控制技术研究与应用

目的针对页岩气气田集输系统面临的腐蚀问题,采用系统分析及模拟评价手段,进行不同阶段的腐蚀行为及规律研究,明确腐蚀主要原因及应对措施。 方法系统分析了各阶段的腐蚀主控因素,根据腐蚀特征将页岩气开发分为一个排采阶段及两个生产阶段,采用失重模拟实验、扫描电镜、能谱、XRD等手段研究了不同阶段的腐蚀行为及规律。 结果在5~18 m/s流速条件下,砂含量及流态变化较大的地方的腐蚀以冲蚀为主,电化学腐蚀为辅,且冲蚀表现为犁削型冲蚀损伤;随着流速降低,砂沉积及返排液沉积腐蚀特征发生转变,明确了SRB和CO₂共存条件是导致集气管线穿孔失效的主要原因;通过模拟SRB成膜的现场工况,获得了点蚀速率为5.86 mm/a,这与部分管线穿孔失效的点蚀速率相当。 结论提出切实可行的腐蚀控制方案,主要包括使用耐冲蚀材料、增大壁厚、加注杀菌缓蚀剂,并应用于页岩气现场,使集输系统失效降低90%以上。      

L360钢在SRB/CO2环境中的腐蚀行为研究

为了探究L360钢在SRB/CO2环境中的腐蚀行为,通过高温高压模拟腐蚀试验以及OM、SEM、EDS、XRD等分析技术,对L360钢的显微组织及其在SRB/CO2环境中的腐蚀速率、腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物膜成分进行了分析。结果显示,在模拟腐蚀溶液中,L360钢属于极严重腐蚀。L360钢在含SRB的CO2腐蚀环境中SRB发生膜下腐蚀,膜层在高流速环境中受剪切力破损,使膜层对基体的保护作用降低,模拟环境溶液中的Cl-进入膜层裂缝在基体金属表面活性高的位置发生富集。试验表明,SRB腐蚀形成的点蚀坑为Cl-提供了良好的富集点,导致点蚀快速成长,腐蚀加剧,且表面腐蚀产物为FeS和少量的FeCO3。     

N08825/L450MS复合管焊缝组织性能及抗腐蚀特性研究

为了解决油田严苛服役条件下管材的耐腐蚀问题,采用拉伸试验、夏比冲击试验、DWTT、弯曲试验、硬度测试、金相分析以及晶间腐蚀试验、HIC试验、SSCC试验等方法 ,对Φ610 mm×20.5(3+17.5)mm规格N08825/L450MS双金属复合管焊缝的力学性能、微观组织和耐腐蚀性能进行了研究。结果表明,试验焊缝的各项力学性能均满足相关标准要求;覆层焊缝中心区金相组织呈等轴状树枝晶形态,边缘呈柱状树枝晶形态,均为奥氏体+铁素体;复合管覆层母材和焊缝抗晶间腐蚀和点蚀性能优良,基层母材及焊缝对HIC和SSCC不敏感,可满足含有H2S和CO2等强腐蚀油气介质的集输要求。     

高压加热器传热管泄漏原因分析

根据A电厂3#、4#机高加传热管泄漏情况，对现有高加的泄漏问题综合分析。