Evolutionary design of dynamic neural networks for evaporator control

This paper presents a novel neural network (NN) to control an ammonia refrigerant evaporator. Inspired by the latest findings on the biological neuron, a dynamic synaptic unit (DSU) is proposed to enhance the information processing capacity of artificial neurons. Treating the dynamic synaptic activity after the nonlinear somatic activity helps to capture the dynamics demarcated by the Gaussian activation pertaining to the input space. This practice leads to a remarkable reduction in curse of dimensionality. The proposed NN architecture has been compared with two other conventional architectures; one with dynamic neural units (DNUs) and the other with nonlinear static functions as perceptrons. The objective is to control evaporator heat flow rate and secondary fluid outlet temperature while keeping the degree of refrigerant superheat in the range 4–7 K at the evaporator outlet by manipulating refrigerant and evaporator secondary fluid flow rates. The drawbacks of conventional approaches to this problem are discussed, and how the novel method can overcome them are presented. An evolutionary approach is adopted to optimize the parameters of the NN controllers. Then evaporator process model is accomplished as a combination of governing equations and a sub NN resulting in a simple and sufficiently accurate model. The effectiveness of the proposed dynamic NN controller for the evaporator system model is validated using experimental data from the ammonia refrigeration plant.     

The thermodynamic performance of a new solution cycle in double absorption heat transformer using water/lithium bromide as the working fluids

In this paper, a new solution cycle in the double absorption heat transformer is presented and the thermodynamic performance of this new cycle is simulated based on the thermodynamic properties of aqueous solution of lithium bromide. The results show that this new cycle is superior to the cycle being studied by some researchers. This new solution cycle has a wider range of operation in which the system maintains the high value of COP and has larger temperature lifts and operation stability. The relationship between the absorber and the absorbing evaporator is more independent and this makes the operation and control of the system more easier.     

国画“留白”在包装设计中的运用

"留白"是中国绘画艺术中的一个非常重要的术语,被广泛的应用在中国传统的书画创作中。"留白"是艺术达成审美交流的中介机制,它深刻的展开了艺术的创作过程与接受过程的视野融合,具有极高的设计与文化价值,是现代包装设计师在设计思维和设计手法上可供学习和借鉴的宝库。本文从国画"留白"艺术的构成方法、风格、布置等角度进行了论述。总结了其设计特点和艺术手段,以通过对国画"留白"艺术设计理念的探讨对现代包装设计给予启发与引导。     

浅谈视觉传达设计基础课“书法艺术”教学

视觉传达设计中字体形式主要有装饰性美术字和中国书法两大基本类型,而书法是中国文化的主要载体,也是汉字表达情感的一门艺术。建立书法艺术观,辅之以艺术构成理论和相关美学原理,引导学生对书法内在规律和技巧能动地理解和能动地接受,强化视觉感悟。     

关于当前网络环境下CG艺术创作的探讨

"设计入侵"是"文化入侵"的重要代表和主要表现形式。文化自信和文化自律是当前中国CG人迫切具备的品质。探索本土CG创作的思路,提升本土cg艺术水平,保证本土CG产业良性发展既具有现实经济意义又具有巨大的文化社会意义。     

“讲授法”在职工教育中的运用管窥

讲授法是一种主要的教学方法,其主要任务是教师通过口头语言向学习者传授知识和技能,进行思想政治和学习教育。这种方法在教育职工中得到广泛运用。要运用好这种方法,应认真把握以下四个主要环节:一是抓好教学内容的科学性;二是抓好教学过程的启发性;三是抓好教学语言的艺术性;四是抓好教学组织的和谐性。     

“气韵”在产品设计中的应用

目的用气韵的审美视角研究北京奥运奖牌的设计理念,并简述里约奥运奖牌的设计突破、简析气韵的涵义与美学解释。方法从气韵的审美方式出发,探究北京奥运奖牌形式的呈现、材质的应用、寓意的表达。联系中国传统审美和当今国际审美特点,用专业的设计方法进行剖析。结论将民族传统材料与现代可持续环保材料进行结合能创造出具有传统文化底蕴和更具人文关怀的设计,能在国际市场上表现得更加出色。     

Development and validation of “grey-box” models for refrigeration applications: A review of key concepts

“Grey-box” modelling combines the use of first-principle based “white-box” models and empirical “black-box” models, offering particular benefits when: (a) there is a lack of fundamental theory to describe the system or process modelled; (b) there is a scarcity of suitable experimental data for validation or (c) there is a need to decrease the complexity of the model. The grey-box approach has been used, for example, to create mathematical models to predict the shelf life of chilled products or the thermal behaviour of imperfectly mixed fluids, or to create models that combine artificial neural networks and dynamic differential equations for control-related applications. This paper discusses the main characteristics of white-box, black-box and their integration into grey-box models, the requirements and sourcing of accurate data for model development and important validation concepts and measures.     

Residential CO2 heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating

A theoretical and experimental study has been carried out for a residential brine-to-water CO₂ heat pump system for combined space heating and hot water heating. A 6.5 kW prototype heat pump unit was constructed and extensively tested in order to document the performance and to study component and system behaviour over a wide range of operating conditions. The CO₂ heat pump was equipped with a unique counter-flow tripartite gas cooler for preheating of domestic hot water (DHW), low-temperature space heating and reheating of DHW.

The CO₂ heat pump was tested in three different modes: space heating only, DHW heating only and simultaneous space heating and DHW heating. The heat pump unit gave off heat to a floor heating system at supply/return temperatures of 33/28, 35/30 or 40/35 °C, and the set-point temperature for the DHW was 60, 70 or 80 °C. Most tests were carried out at an evaporation temperature of −5 °C, and the average city water temperature was 6.5 °C. The experimental results proved that a brine-to-water CO₂ heat pump system may achieve the same or higher seasonal performance factor (SPF) than the most energy efficient state-of-the-art brine-to-water heat pump systems as long as: (1) the heating demand for hot water production constitutes at least 25% of the total annual heating demand of the residence, (2) the return temperature in the space heating system is about 30 °C or lower, (3) the city water temperature is about 10 °C or lower and (4) the exergy losses in the DHW tank are small.