Economic Model to Optimize Underground Utility Protection

The need for better protecting our vital infrastructure from being damaged or destroyed has received increased attention since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The tragedy of having thousands of innocent people die before the eyes of an entire nation awakened people to the reality of “managed” attacks of unthinkable magnitudes. However, tragedies of a smaller scale are a daily occurrence but accepted as “collateral damage” of work in an unsafe environment. This paper presents a cost-benefit analysis to address the question of how much money should be spent in protecting underground utilities from damage. During the study of an actual incident it was found that the total costs of such accidents are vastly underreported because only costs for emergency responses and repair are tallied up. This paper makes the case that a comprehensive approach for assessing the total economic impact of such incidents on the public, business, and government is the critical stepping stone to a mathematical optimization of expenditure for damage prevention. In addition, the reader will quickly realize that the use of the presented optimization model provides theoretical underpinning for the engineering profession in its effort to better protect our critical infrastructure from terrorist attacks.     

Inhibition of oxygen evolution by zaluzanin C

The inhibition of ATP synthesis, proton uptake, and electron transport (basal, phosphorylating, and uncoupled) from water to methylviologen by zaluzanin C indicates that it acts as an electron transport inhibitor. Uncoupled photosystem I electron transport rate was not affected by zaluzanin C; however, uncoupled photosystem II electron flow from water to 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl phenylenediamine and from water to silicomolybdate was inhibited, but electron transport from diphenylcarbazide to silicomolybdate was not affected. We conclude that the site of inhibition by zaluzanin C is located at the oxygen evolution level.     

一阶双曲构建Hill密码及计算机模拟

讨论用PDEs构建Hill密码的方法。以一阶线性非齐次双曲方程混合问题的形式给出加、解密问题的模型,由差分格式算法设计可用于加、解密的矩阵方程。改进的Hill密码系统中,矩阵变化多样、密钥空间大且便于传输和管理。用MatLab编制软件实现加、解过程并对部分结果进行分析。     

Mechanical behaviour analysis of buried pressure pipeline crossing ground settlement zone

Numerical simulation model of buried pipeline crossing ground settlement zone was established considering pipeline–soil interaction. Mechanical behaviour of the buried pipeline was investigated, and effects of ground settlement, pipeline parameters and surrounding soil parameters on mechanical behaviour of the buried pipeline were discussed. These results show that there are two high stress areas on both sides of the dividing plane. High stress areas are oval on the top and bottom of the pipeline. Z-shape bending deformation appears under the action of ground settlement. In ground settlement zone, axial strain on the top of the pipeline is compression strain, and axial strain on the bottom of the pipeline is tension strain. On the contrary, they are tension strain and compression strain respectively in no settlement zone. Bending deformation, axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increase in ground settlement. Von Mises stress, high stress area, axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increasing diameter-thick ratio and internal pressure, but they decrease with the increase in buried depth. Diameter-thick ratio and internal pressure have a small effect on the bending deformation of the buried pipeline. Bending deformation decreases with the increase in buried depth in ground settlement zone. Von Mises stress and high stress area increase with the increasing surrounding soil’s elasticity modulus and cohesion, but they increase first and then decrease with the increase in Poisson’s ratio. Bending deformation of the pipeline in no settlement zone increases with the increase in elasticity modulus and Poisson’s ratio, but it is affected little by the cohesion. Axial strain and plastic strain have a bigger relationship with the elasticity modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Axial strain and plastic strain of the buried pipeline increase with the increase in cohesion, and the change rates increase with the increase in ground settlement.     

A novel hybrid immune algorithm for global optimization in design and manufacturing

This paper presents a new hybrid optimization approach based on immune algorithm and hill climbing local search algorithm. The purpose of the present research is to develop a new optimization approach for solving design and manufacturing optimization problems. This research is the first application of immune algorithm to the optimization of machining parameters in the literature. In order to evaluate the proposed optimization approach, single objective test problem, multi-objective I-beam and machine-tool optimization problems taken from the literature are solved. Finally, the hybrid approach is applied to a case study for milling operations to show its effectiveness in machining operations. The results of the hybrid approach for the case study are compared with those of genetic algorithm, the feasible direction method and handbook recommendation.     

埋地天然气管道泄漏数值模拟

给出了天然气管道泄漏几何区域图形,建立了天然气泄漏控制方程,基于控制体积原理和多孔介质理论,利用计算流体力学软件对埋地天然气管道泄漏过程进行了数值模拟。通过模拟,得到了天然气在土壤和空气中泄漏浓度分布,并分析了风速对天然气组分的扩散影响规律,确定了安全区域,为天然气管道泄漏应急救援和安全管理提供了理论依据。     

桂林独秀峰山前城市形态空间历史演变

由静江府修筑城池图、桂林旧郡城图、桂林新郡城图、王府图等图对桂林独秀峰周围城市空间发展的历史作简要阐述，对桂林城的选址、朝宗渠的作用及靖江王府的演变等问题进行了探讨．桂林城中心区域的空间形态演变始终以政治和文化为核心，在岭南地域具有相当的影响力，通过对该区域具体分析研究，使人们能对桂林城中心的发展脉络有更清晰的认识，更好地保护和利用桂林的自然景观资源和历史文化资源。     

Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Soil–Pipe Interaction

Cases of pipeline damage caused by landslides are common in coastal or mountainous regions, where a continuous monitoring/repair activity is planned in order to maintain their serviceability. The analysis of the soil–structure interaction phenomenon can be invoked to improve the planning and design of buried pipelines, to guide monitoring, and to reduce the risk of damage or failure. Two different approaches are considered in this paper: small scale laboratory tests and numerical simulations using the distinct element method (DEM). The experimental setup consists of a box filled with sand and water. Several experiments were performed, in which the diameter and the depth of the tube varied. The numerical simulations are divided in two separate series: in the first, the numerical model is calibrated and its reliability in reproducing the experimental tests is checked; in the second series, the direction of the relative displacement between the tube and the surrounding “numerical soil” varies over the range ±90° with respect to the horizontal. In the latter, both vertical and horizontal components of the drag force are measured and the corresponding interaction diagrams are constructed. The DEM simulations provide useful information about the shape of the failure mechanisms and the force transfer within the soil.     

Simulation of the development of deformation textures and residual stresses using the Taylor–Bishop–Hill theory

Cold working processes due to inhomogeneous and strong plastic deformations result in the formation of residual stresses and texture within the components. The texture evolution has a strong influence on the residual microstresses and produces non-linear d vs. sin² ψ-curves. The texture evolution and the resulting non-linear d vs. sin² ψ-curves are calculated here using the Taylor–Bishop–Hill theory and an elastic unloading model. Examples are given for the inverse pole figure and non-linear d vs. sin² ψ-distributions due to cold torsion of an austenitic steel.