国际工程承包项目中的银行保函实务

在国际工程承包中,银行保函是一种常用的担保形式,也是商业银行表外业务的一种。笔者主要介绍保函的种类、办理银行保函的一般程序、开具银行保函的注意事项等内容,为从事国际工程承包业务的管理提供参考。     

浅析FIDIC合同条件下不平衡报价的防范策略

在FIDIC合同条件下,低价中标是业主选择承包商的重要原则之一,不平衡报价成为承包商投标报价中一种广泛应用的报价策略。本文针对建设市场出现的不平衡报价现状,通过实例,量化分析了承包商常用的不平衡报价策略,为防范和控制不平衡报价提供了有效的防范策略。     

《建造合同》准则执行中的若干问题的思考

我国在1998年6月第一次发布了《建造合同》准则,2006年2月重新修订并发布了新的《建造合同》准则,新准则要求会计人员具有较高的业务素质和职业判断能力,并要求提高实务操作能力。文章结合江汉油建公司现行核算办法,分析了建造合同新的核算办法与江汉油建公司目前核算上存在的差异,并在此基础上提出了相应的解决措施。     

对《劳动合同法》草案第十六条的思考

《劳动合同法》草案第十六条对竞业限制作出了明确的规定,但是还存在一些问题。从商业秘密保护的范围、竞业限制的领域、经济补偿、以及该条款的执行力等方面提出了修改建议。     

Exception handling analysis and transformation using fault injection: Study of resilience against unanticipated exceptions

ContextIn software, there are the error cases that are anticipated at specification and design time, those encountered at development and testing time, and those that were never anticipated before happening in production. Is it possible to learn from the anticipated errors during design to analyze and improve the resilience against the unanticipated ones in production?ObjectiveIn this paper, we aim at analyzing and improving how software handles unanticipated exceptions. The first objective is to set up contracts about exception handling and a way to assess them automatically. The second one is to improve the resilience capabilities of software by transforming the source code.MethodWe devise an algorithm, called short-circuit testing, which injects exceptions during test suite execution so as to simulate unanticipated errors. It is a kind of fault-injection techniques dedicated to exception-handling. This algorithm collects data that is used for verifying two formal contracts that capture two resilience properties w.r.t. exceptions: the source-independence and pure-resilience contracts. Then we propose a code modification technique, called “catch-stretching” which allows error-recovery code (of the form of catch blocks) to be more resilient.ResultsOur evaluation is performed on 9 open-source software applications and consists in analyzing 241 catch blocks executed during test suite execution. Our results show that 101/214 of them (47%) expose resilience properties as defined by our exception contracts and that 84/214 of them (39%) can be transformed to be more resilient.ConclusionOur work shows that it is possible to reason on software resilience by injecting exceptions during test suite execution. The collected information allows us to apply one source code transformation that improves the resilience against unanticipated exceptions. This works best if the test suite exercises the exceptional programming language constructs in many different scenarios.     

Truth-Telling Reservations

We present a mechanism for reservations of bursty resources that is both truthful and robust. It consists of option contracts whose pricing structure induces users to reveal the true likelihoods that they will purchase a given resource. Users are also allowed to adjust their options as their likelihood changes. This scheme helps users save cost and the providers to plan ahead so as to reduce the risk of under-utilization and overbooking. The mechanism extracts revenue similar to that of a monopoly provider practicing temporal pricing discrimination with a user population whose preference distribution is known in advance.     

无线传感器网络中一种能量高效的分布式分簇算法

提出了一种适用于无线传感器网络的能量高效的分布式分簇算法（ＥＥＤＣ）,该算法使具有较高剩余能量及距离基站较近的节点有更大的机会成为簇头．理论分析表明该算法通信开销较小,而且有效地均衡了节点的能量消耗．为了确保ＥＥＤＣ 的正确性、完整性和可靠性,利用形式化方法———着色网对其关键属性进行建模和分析．仿真结果表明,ＥＥＤＣ 有效地延长了网络生命周期,提高了网络的能耗效率．     

钢铁企业合同计划与余材匹配的集成优化方法

钢铁企业的合同计划和余材匹配的集成优化是解决钢铁企业面向订单生产的关键技术.由于该问题复杂,涉及因素多,求解难度大,对此提出一个带有提前拖期惩罚的联合计划优化的数学模型,并提出一种嵌有"优先适合启发式"的遗传算法.该方法利用背包问题的求解思路改进了染色体的性能,从而加快了遗传算法的求解速度.将该模型及算法应用于实际钢铁企业的计划编排中,取得了满意的效果.     

如何实现合同网上审批

合同审批是每个企事业单位的重要工作之一,每个合同的签订都需要经过相关职能部门的审核,这个过程往往要花费较长的时间,但随着计算机网络、通信网络、软件技术的不断发展和进步,通过网上审批合同来提高工作效率、节约成本、增强顾客满意度已成为现实。本文从合同网上审批的研发背景、系统功能、系统结构、系统特点及其带来的效益等方面进行论述,并对该系统存在的困难、未来发展趋势等进行分析。