新型节能玻璃钢门窗的研究

本文主要围绕节能主题，从能耗方式、性能指标、结构形式、制作安装等方面论述了玻璃钢门窗在不同气候地区、不同环境和不同领域中的开发和应用。     

复合材料拉挤成型过程中温度和固化度的数值模拟研究

本文对拉挤成型过程中热传导方程和固化度动力学方程进行了数值分析，确定了拉挤模具内温度和固化度属于强耦合关系。使用有限元软件IFEPG和FORTRAN语言为平台开发出一计算机程序，并使用该程序模拟出在一定工艺参数下拉挤模具内温度和固化度的分布，着重探讨了拉挤速度对模具内温度和固化度分布的影响。     

Field and laboratory performance of a rectangular shaped glass fiber reinforced polymer deck

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composites have been favorably noticed as state-of-the art construction materials, but sufficient material and structural data about FRP applications are not available. This study was intended to evaluate the applications and safety of FRP deck systems, which are developed by laboratory testing (static and fatigue tests), field application and testing of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) deck systems made of glass fiber and vinyl ester resin. The results show that the developed FRP deck systems have the expected strength and stiffness to replace the existing systems. FRP deck systems can effectively shorten the construction time and reduce the equipment required. In addition, it is determined that there is a need to evaluate the long-term structural behavior and durability of FRP deck systems in order to obtain comprehensive data for preparing the future design, manufacturing and construction materials.     

Creep behavior of pultruded GFRP elements – Part 2: Analytical study

This paper presents an analytical study about the viscoelastic time-dependent (creep) behavior of pultruded GFRP elements made of polyester and E-glass fibers. Experimental results reported in Part 1 are firstly used for material characterization by means of empirical and phenomenological formulations – a good general agreement is obtained using the following analytical models: (i) Findley’s power law, (ii) Bruger–Kelvin model and (iii) Prony–Dirichlet series. Based on accelerated characterization methodology – Time-Stress Superposition Principle (TSSP) coupled with Findley’s law, for a reference stress of 20% of the material ultimate stress, an elastic deformation increase of 30% is obtained after 50,000 h. The creep parameters and deformation estimated by using the Findley’s model derivations indicate a consistent prediction of time-dependent deformation and viscoelastic properties of the two types of elements analysed – laminates and beam. A straightforward formulation to predict the time-dependent elastic modulus is applied, showing that the flexural stiffness should be reduced by 25% of its initial value after 1-year and as much as 50% after 50-years. Similarly, the power law coupled to Euler’s classical beam theory suggests a reasonable adaptability to the creep phenomenon in the linear regime and proved to provide accurate predictions for deflections under flexural loading up to 40% of the ultimate strength. After 50 years, under normal service load level (1/3 of the failure load), the total creep deflection will attain almost twice the initial deflection. If taking into account the shear deformation (Timoshenko’s postulated) of the full-size element with “effective” stiffness properties such estimate is reduced nearly 25%.     

Behavior of Pultruded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Beams Subjected to Concentrated Loads in the Plane of the Web

Results of the behavior of pultruded fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) I-shaped beams subjected to concentrated loads in the plane of the web are presented. Twenty beams with nominal depths from 152.4 to 304.8?mm were tested in three-point bending with a span-to-depth ratio of four. Load was applied to the top flange directly above the web—12 without bearing plates and 8 with bearing plates of varying width and thickness. All test specimens failed with a wedgelike shear failure at the upper web-flange junction. Finite-element results support experimental findings from strain gauge and digital image correlation data. Bearing plates increased beam capacity by 35% or more as a function of bearing plate width and thickness. Bearing plates increased average shear stress in the web at failure from 17.4 to 27.2?MPa—below the accepted value of in-plane shear strength (69?MPa). A design equation is presented, and predicted capacities are compared with experimental results. The average value of experimental capacity to predicted capacity is 1.12 with a standard deviation of 0.11 and coefficient of variation (COV) of 0.10 for sections up to 304.8?mm deep.     

Constrained Efficient Global Optimization for Pultrusion Process

Composite materials, as the name indicates, are composed of different materials that yield superior performance as compared to individual components. Pultrusion is one of the most cost-effective manufacturing techniques for producing fiber-reinforced composites with constant cross-sectional profiles. This obviously makes it more attractive for both researchers and practitioners to investigate the optimum process parameters. Validated computer simulations cost less as compared to physical experiments, therefore this makes them an efficient tool for numerical optimization. However, the complexity of the numerical models can still be “expensive” and forces us to use them sparingly. These relatively more complex models can be replaced with “surrogates,” which are less complex and are therefore faster to evaluate representative models. In this article, a previously validated thermochemical simulation of the pultrusion process has shortly been presented. Following this, a new constrained optimization methodology based on a well-known surrogate method, i.e., Kriging, is introduced. Next, a validation case is presented to clarify the working principles of the implementation, which also supports the upcoming main optimization test cases. This design problem involves the design of the heating die with one, two, and three heaters together with the pulling speed. The results show that the proposed methodology is very efficient in finding the optimal process and design parameters.     

树脂基复合材料拉挤成形工艺的应用与探讨

通过对树脂基复合材料拉挤成形工艺进行分析,确定最佳的工艺参数,从而达到提高产品质量与生产效率的目的。     

Ultimate strength of a GFRP deck panel for temporary structures

To overcome the steel corrosion and fatigue problems of conventional steel deck panels, a reusable glass-fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) deck panel has been developed for temporary structures. This paper deals with a series of full-scale tests conducted to experimentally validate the structural performance of the GFRP deck panel. The test program consists of a failure test under quasi-static loading and a fatigue test under cyclic loading. The results of the tests indicate that the GFRP deck panel satisfies both the strength and service design limits.     

Comparison of the fatigue behaviors of FRP bridge decks and reinforced concrete conventional decks under extreme environmental conditions

This paper summarizes the results of the fatigue test of four composite bridge decks in extreme temperatures (-30°C and 50°C). The work was performed as part of a research program to evaluate and install multiple FRP bridge deck systems in Dayton, Ohio. A two-span continuous concrete deck was also built on three steel girders for the benchmark tests. Simulated wheel loads were applied simultaneously at two points by two servo-controlled hydraulic actuators specially designed and fabricated to perform under extreme temperatures. Each deck was initially subjected to one million wheel load cycles at low temperature and another one million cycles at high temperature. The results presented in this paper correspond to the fatigue response of each deck for four million load cycles at low temperature and another four million cycles at high temperature. Thus, the deck was subjected to a total of ten million cycles. Quasi-static load-deflection and load-strain responses were determined at predetermined fatigue cycle levels. Except for the progressive reduction in stiffness, no significant distress was observed in any of the composite deck prototypes during ten million load cycles. The effects of extreme temperatures and accumulated load cycles on the load-deflection and load-strain response of FRP composite and FRP-concrete hybrid bridge decks are discussed based on the experimental results.     

Prediction of Net-Tension Strength for Multirow Bolted Connections of Pultruded Material Using the Hart-Smith Semiempirical Modeling Approach

Presented in this paper is a study to show that the Hart-Smith semiempirical modeling approach can be used to predict the net-tension strength of multirowed bolted connections of pultruded material. Using the original 1987 paper by Hart-Smith a strength equation is developed for the specific connection configuration of two rows with a centrally placed steel bolt. The reported equation can be directly used for the two orientations of material that have the tension load parallel or perpendicular to the direction of pultrusion. Using experimental measurements for material properties and single-bolted connections from Rosner’s 1992 work and the open-hole tension strengths from Turvey and Wang’s 2003 paper, representative values to the modeling parameters in the strength equation are established. For model verification a comparison is made between theoretical and experimental strengths, using 17 test results from Hassan et al.’s 1997a work. Only two of the 17 experimental-to-theory strength ratios are <1.0, and only one of these two could be said to have predicted unsafe net-tension strengths. With none of the ratios exceeding 1.2, it is seen that the simple and versatile modeling approach gives very acceptable predictions. To determine the modeling parameters that will enable the Hart-Smith approach to be in a load resistance factor design standard there is a need for a comprehensive series of strength tests, for net-tension failure with filled- and open-holes, that covers the complete range of multirowed bolted connections that is to be permitted by the standard.