粘土矿物对低渗透储层性质的影响——以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系低渗透储层为例

粘土矿物是低渗砂岩储层的主要胶结物，对储层物性及开发过程中储层物性变化趋势有着重要的影响和控制作用。另外，粘土矿物也蕴含着大量沉积环境介质的物理化学信息，认识其自然规律，可以有效地指导预测有利储层，认识和改造油层。以鄂尔多斯盆地砂岩储层中的粘土矿物为研究对象，探讨分析粘土矿物对低渗储层性质的影响，该研究对含油气盆地低渗储层有效开发具有一定的参考价值。     

Experiments and reaction characteristics of liquid phase simultaneous removal of SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> and NO

Experiments of simultaneous removal of SO₂ and NO from simulated flue gas, using NaClO₂ solution as the absorbent, were carried out in a self-designed bubble reactor, and high simultaneous removal efficiencies of SO₂ and NO were obtained under the optimal experimental conditions. The mechanism of simultaneous removal based on NaClO₂ acid solutions was proposed by analyzing the removal products. Possibility and limitation of the desulfurization and denitrification using NaClO₂ acid solutions were calculated by thermodynamic methods. Experimental results of reaction kinetics for simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification indicated that the oxidation-absorption processes of SO₂ and NO were divided into two zones, namely the fast and slow reaction zones. In the slow reaction zones both were zero order reactions, and in the fast reaction zones, the reaction order, rate constant and activation energy of SO₂ reaction with absorbent were 1.4, 1.22 (mol·L⁻¹)^−0.4·s⁻¹ and 66.25 kJ·mol⁻¹, respectively, and 2, 3.15×10³ (mol·L⁻¹) ⁻¹·s⁻¹, and 42.50 kJ·mol⁻¹ for NO reaction, respectively. Supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development Program of China (“863” Project) (Grant No. 2007AA061803)     

氯、亚氯酸盐控制氯胺消毒管网硝化作用效果

采用2台串联环状生物膜培养反应器(biofilm annular reactor,BAR)模拟氯胺消毒给水管网系统,通过对余氯、NH4+-N、NO2--N、NO3--N、DO、异养菌(heterotropic,HPC)及亚硝化菌(amnoniu-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)等指标进行检测,共同评价氯和亚氯酸盐2种消毒剂对氯胺消毒管网中硝化作用的控制效果.试验结果表明,出厂水再投氯消毒可造成NH4+-N降解,使得NO2--N和NO3--N产生积累;再投亚氯酸盐更易提高管网中余氯和DO的质量浓度,使得NO2--N和NO3--N质量浓度降低,可有效地控制硝化作用;与投加氯消毒时相比,投加0.6 mg/L亚氯酸盐时,第1台BAR中悬浮和生物膜中HPC分别平均降低了2.58 log和2.86 log,悬浮及生物膜中AOB降低约1 log,亚氯酸盐能对AOB起到控制灭活效果而等量氯对其几乎没有灭活效果.因此,在控制管网硝化作用方面,亚氯酸盐与氯胺联用的消毒效果优于氯与氯胺.     

水中 ClO_2、Cl_2、ClO_2~- 及ClO_3~- 的连续碘量法测定

通过大量的试验确定了碘量法连续测定水中ＣｌＯ２、Ｃｌ２、ＣｌＯ－２和ＣｌＯ３－的适宜条件。该方法的准确度、精密度和灵敏度都较好。其方法的回收率：ＣｌＯ２为９６７８％；Ｃｌ２为９８１７％；ＣｌＯ－２为９７２８％；ＣｌＯ３－为１０３３１％。变异系数：ＣｌＯ２为１５２％；Ｃｌ２为２３７％；ＣｌＯ２－为２４３％；ＣｌＯ３－为３５６％。最低检出限：ＣｌＯ２为００５０ｍｇ／Ｌ；Ｃｌ２为００５０ｍｇ／Ｌ；ＣｌＯ２－为００５０ｍｇ／Ｌ；ＣｌＯ３－为０５００ｍｇ／Ｌ。     

THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF AUTHIGENIC CHLORITE AND RELATED CEMENTS IN OLIGO–MIOCENE RESERVOIR SANDSTONES,TAPTI GAS FIELDS,SURAT DEPRESSION,OFFSHORE WESTERN INDIA

Reservoir sandstones in the Mid‐ and South Tapti gas fields in the Surat Depression (Mumbai Offshore Basin, western India) have been investigated using a range of petrographic techniques, isotope geochemistry and basin modelling. Authigenic chlorite is abundant in the shallow‐marine sandstones of the Miocene Mahim Formation, a major reservoir rock in the Mid‐ and South Tapti fields, which are described here in terms of their quality and diagenetic characteristics. The sandstones are currently at burial depths of between ～1500 and 2800m. The authigenic chlorite has had a significant impact on the resulting reservoir quality of the sandstones and is interpreted to have originated as odinite clay of the verdine facies that replaced faecal or pseudo‐faecal pellets, together with volumetrically small but abundant grain coatings and grain rims, and formed at the site of major riverine iron influx onto the shallow‐marine shelf during periods of relatively low sea level. Pellets have been variably compacted to form pseudomatrix. Reservoir sandstones from similar depositional settings on the west coast of India or other sub‐tropical settings are likely to exhibit comparable diagenetic effects on reservoir quality. Compositionally, the chlorite is the iron‐rich form known as chamosite. The chemistry of all the chlorite morphologies is the same in all studied samples. Oxygen isotope analyses of carbonate cements in the Mahim Formation sandstones have provided an approximate temperature framework for diagenesis of the non‐carbonate cements. Oxygen isotope results for the chlorite, however, suggest much higher temperatures than its position in the paragenetic sequence would warrant. These results suggest that the clay formed first as 1:1 layer clays, in this case odinite, which were then transformed to Fe‐chlorite as burial depths and temperatures increased. Reservoirs in the Mahim, Daman and Mahuva Formation sandstones are thus greatly influenced by the diagenesis of authigenic chlorite and locally by the precipitation of carbonate cements. Reservoir quality is good where thick, continuous chlorite rim cements are present and where chlorite pellets are sufficiently indurated for them not to be compacted. Chlorite rim cements have reduced the extent of quartz overgrowth cementation in the sandstones.     

吖啶橙共振散射光谱法快速测定水中痕量亚氯酸根

在盐酸介质条件下,I-被亚氯酸根氧化成I2,I2再与过量的I-形成阴离子I3-。体系中带正电荷的吖啶橙(AO)与I3-在静电力的作用下形成缔合物微粒,导致体系的共振散射强度增强,据此建立了一种用共振散射光谱法测定水中亚氯酸根的新方法。研究了碘化钾和AO用量等因素对体系的影响,优化了实验条件。在最佳实验条件下,亚氯酸根质量浓度在7.18×10-4~0.114 mg/L范围内与ΔIRS呈良好的线性关系。该方法的线性方程为ΔIRS=870.39ρ+9.273 9,相关系数(R2)为0.992 7,检出限(3σ)为1.8×10-4 mg/L。     

肇庆地区桶装饮用水中消毒副产物含量检测与风险评估

对肇庆地区生产的桶装饮用水中消毒副产物溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐含量进行了检测与风险评估。通过选择IonPac AS23阴离子分析柱,碳酸根系统作淋洗液,电化学抑制器,进样量500μL,建立同时测定桶装饮用水中亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐、溴酸盐的离子色谱法。并运用食品安全指数评估模型进行风险评估。结果表明:该方法线性范围、检出限、回收率试验、精密度试验符合相关标准要求,而且操作简单,检测快速;消毒副产物溴酸盐、亚氯酸盐、氯酸盐IFS最高值溴酸盐为0.73,次氯酸盐和氯酸盐为0.002,风险水平在可接受范围内,没有食品质量安全风险。     

Effect of chlorite on the flotation of pyrrhotite and its implications for elimination by different methods

The effect of chlorite on the flotation of pyrrhotite was systematically investigated through flotation tests, adsorption studies, optical microscopy experiments, inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer tests, zeta potential measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Results showed that fine chlorite impaired the flotation of pyrrhotite due to slime coating. To eliminate the adverse effect of chlorite, two different methods were employed. Carboxymethyl cellulose and quartz could remove the slime coating of chlorite and improve the flotation recovery of pyrrhotite, whereas the addition of quartz provided better results. The key to eliminating the adverse effect of chlorite on the flotation of pyrrhotite is to remove the slime coating of chlorite by changing the surface charge of chlorite.     

Quantitative description of the chloride effect on chlorine dioxide generation from the ClO2-HOCl reaction

The generation of chlorine dioxide from the reaction between hypochlorous acid and chlorite with or without an initial chloride addition has been studied under slightly acidic conditions. Chloride (Cl-), one of the products from the reaction, not only changes the reaction stoichiometry, but also alters the rate law. It was found that the formation of chlorine dioxide from the HOCI-ClO₂- system consists of two distinct parts, one is promoted by chloride, the other is independent of chloride. The overall kinetics of the chlorine dioxide generation from the reaction is: This model can very well predict the reaction under the following conditions: $ 273 - 303{\rm K},\left[ {ClO_2^ - } \right] = 0.001 - 0.00267\;{\rm mol}/{\rm L},\left[ {ClO_2^ - } \right]/\left[ {HOCl} \right] = 2,\;{\rm and}\;{\rm pH}\;3.86 - 4.91 $     

二氧化氯预氧化除铁过程中亚氯酸根作用的实验研究

将ClO_2-ClO_2~-作为整个控制体系,通过模拟试验,研究二氧化氯预氧化除铁过程中亚氯酸根浓度变化及其发挥氧化性能除铁的影响因素。结果表明:pH值是二氧化氯投加量和亚氯酸根发挥氧化效能的重要影响因素,pH值越低亚氯酸根的氧化效能越低,生成亚氯酸根越多。当pH值较高时,二氧化氯只需按照理论投加量(即[ClO_2]/[Fe~(2 )]= 0.242),亚氯酸根便能充分发挥其氧化效能,亚氯酸根不会形成累积。实验表明:铁的初始浓度为2～9mg/L,5.8≤pH≤6.6时,0.242≤[ClO_2]/[Fe~(2 )]≤0.387时,能有效地将水中的铁离子降到0.3mg/L以下。