6-甲氧基鸟嘌呤荧光光度法测定熏肉中亚硝酸根离子

样品经沉淀蛋白质,除去脂肪后在酸性介质中与6-甲氧基鸟嘌呤发生重氮化反应,反应产物在沸水浴中水解,氨基被羟基取代,产生弱荧光的2-羟基-6-甲氧基嘌呤.此反应导致荧光强度降低,建立了荧光猝灭法测定亚硝酸根离子的新方法.亚硝酸根离子的检出限为6.9×10-3μg·L-3,线性范围为0.01～0.8μg·L-3,测定回收率...     

固相萃取辅助提取-气相色谱-质谱分析烟熏腊猪肉香气成分

采用固相萃取辅助提取中国西南地区传统食品-烟熏腊猪肉的香气成分,用气相色谱法以邻二氯苯为内标对提取的烟熏腊猪肉香气成分进行定量分析,用气相色谱-质谱联用法对提取的烟熏腊猪肉香气成分进行定性分析。共鉴定出29个化合物,烟熏腊猪肉的重要香味成分有:2,5-二苯基-3-(2-呋喃甲酰基)吡咯、二苯胺、苯并噻唑、乙酰苯酚酯、对甲苯酚、3-乙基苯酚、4-乙基愈创木酚、对-甲基-2,6-二叔丁基苯酚、硬脂醛、α-异佛尔酮、2-甲基-1-十六醇、2,6-二叔丁基-4-羟基-4-甲基-2,5-环己二烯-1-酮等。     

烟熏工艺对熏肉挥发性风味物质的影响

以熏猪肉为对象,研究传统木熏工艺和现代液熏工艺对熏肉挥发性风味物质的影响。对其挥发性风味物质进行GC-MS分析,重点比较两种烟熏方式产品的特色挥发性风味物质的差别。结果表明,传统木熏工艺产品的挥发性风味物质在种类和数量方面都明显高于现代液熏工艺的产品,传统木熏工艺的产品检测出130种挥发性风味物质,而现代液熏工艺检测出121种,酚类物质作为烟熏产品的特色挥发性风味物质,传统木熏工艺的产品检测出15种,含量达到22.85%,而现代的液熏工艺的产品检测出14种,含量仅为7.87%。因此,传统的木熏工艺在风味方面仍然具有一定的优势。     

复合香辛料亚硝化抑制剂对西式培根品质的影响

研究对N-亚硝胺具有阻断作用的复合香辛料亚硝化抑制剂（composite spice nitrosation inhibitor,CSNI） 在西式培根中的应用效果。设计4 组实验：1）阴性对照（negative control,NC）组：以原料肉质量计,配 制由0.06%亚硝酸钠、9%食盐、1.5%复合磷酸盐、5%白糖等组成的腌制液,注射量为20%;2）阳性对照 （positive control,PC）组：在NC组基础上添加0.055%异抗坏血酸钠;3）CSNI组：在NC组中添加CSNI; 4）PC＋CSNI组：在PC组中添加CSNI。制成西式培根,分别对西式培根成品和烧烤（200 ℃,5 min）西式培根进 行感官评定、pH值、红度值（a*）、硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARs）值、亚 硝酸盐残留量、生物胺含量及N-亚硝胺含量测定。结果表明：相比NC、PC组,PC＋CSNI组西式培根成品的感官 评分最高,TBARs值（0.24 mg/kg）、亚硝酸盐残留量（20.48 mg/kg）和生物胺总量（184.68 mg/kg）均处于较低 水平,CSNI对N-亚硝胺的形成（总量为9.29 μg/kg）,特别是N-二甲基亚硝胺的形成有显著的阻断效果,且CSNI的 添加对产品的pH值和a*均未造成显著影响;西式培根烧烤后,由于水分和脂肪溶出,致使烧烤西式培根的亚硝酸 盐残留量、生物胺含量和N-亚硝胺含量总体呈升高趋势,但均未超过相关规定的限量值。     

川味腊肉脂肪氧化控制研究进展

拥有悠久的历史和文化背景的川味腊肉是我国优良传统肉制品代表之一,它具有色泽鲜艳、皮黄肉红、麻辣鲜香等特点。脂肪氧化是川味腊肉特征风味产生的主要途径,而过度的氧化又会产生令人不愉快的滋味和气味,使川味腊肉失去食用价值。本文阐述了肉制品脂肪氧化的机理和川味腊肉脂肪氧化的特点。综述了通过原料肉的选择、低温处理、隔氧控制、添加抗氧化剂等控制技术的应用从而控制川味腊肉脂肪氧化的研究进展。并对川味腊肉未来的发展进行了展望。     

Recent observations on the occurrence of fishy flavour in bacon

An examination of reject bacon samples supplied directly from a factory showed that some samples described by a sensory panel as oily and fishy contained significantly higher levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in their fat than normal samples. When bacon samples obtained from retail outlets were similarly analysed and then subjected to sensory assessment, those found to contain long chain PUFA were given significantly higher scores for oily and fishy flavour. Observations on the fatty acid composition of fishy bacon samples as compared to non-fishy ones and further investigation into the diets of pigs producing suspect carcasses led to the conclusion that too high a content of fish products in the diet was the main cause of the problem. Contrary to what had been believed, fresh non-fishy bacon samples did not develop fishy flavour after storage at ?20°C for 15 weeks. Perceived fishiness was not related to total copper content as determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy.     

镇巴腊肉生产过程中微生物组成及多样性变化

基于高通量测序技术,对镇巴腊肉加工过程不同阶段的微生物种群组成进行鉴定和分析,同时对细菌表型及相关功能进行预测。结果表明：镇巴腊肉生产加工过程中,真菌丰度大于细菌丰度,并随着发酵时间及加工工艺变化,微生物群落存在明显的演替;镇巴腊肉中丰度最高的细菌为厚壁菌门（Firmcutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）,优势细菌属随着加工步骤推进由原料肉样品中的大肠-志贺氏菌属演替为腌制时期和熏制时期的葡萄球菌属（Staphylococcus）、嗜冷杆菌属（Psychrobacter）和乳杆菌属（Latilactobacillus）;丰度最高的真菌门为子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和担子菌门（Basidiomycota）,优势真菌属由镰刀菌属（Fusarium）和被孢霉属演替为镰刀菌属（Mortierella）和德巴利氏酵母属（Debaryomyces）;基于菌落演替变化及细菌表型和功能预测,发现镇巴腊肉在加工过程中有害微生物不断减少,利于发酵的微生物逐渐增加,促进镇巴腊肉风味物质形成。     

低温贮藏对川式腊肉中蛋白质降解的影响

新鲜腊肉采用直接真空包装（A处理）和添加抗坏血酸后真空包装（B处理）后,分别在5℃和-18℃下贮藏,探讨蛋白质的降解和氨基酸组成变化。结果表明,各处理水分含量随贮藏时间的延长逐渐下降,氨基酸组成分析显示．各处理中必需氨基酸相对含量均呈增加趋势。冷藏120d时A、B处理E／N比从初始值0．65分别升至结束时的0．75和0．73．AAS从13．06分别升至44．57和51．23;冻藏处理E/N比和AAS呈先升后降趋势,冻藏120d时A、B处理E／N比从初始值0．65分别升至0．71和0．90,而AAS从13．06分别升至31．16和31．86。各处理挥发性盐基氮随贮藏时间延长不断增加,但符合SB/T10294—1998中规定二级品≤45mg／100g,超出分割冻猪肉国标、鲜、冻四分体带骨牛肉国标15mg／100g。表明短期低温贮藏和添加抗坏血酸可改善腊肉氨基酸组成,不影响腊肉食用品质。     

Investigating quality attributes and consumer acceptance of uncured, no-nitrate/nitrite-added commercial hams, bacons, and frankfurters

ABSTRACT:  Increasing demands for natural, organic, and/or preservative-free foods have resulted in the consumer availability of uncured, no-nitrate/nitrite-added processed meat and poultry products. A comprehensive understanding about the quality and sensory attributes of commercially available uncured products is unclear. The objective of this study was to determine if quality and sensory differences exist between uncured and cured meat products. Five different commercial brands (Brands A to E; 4 uncured, no-nitrate/nitrite-added, and 1 nitrite-added) of 3 product types (hams, frankfurters, and bacons) were obtained from retail supermarkets. The samples were evaluated for color, pigment content, pH, lipid oxidation, residual nitrate and nitrite content, and consumer acceptance. All brands from all product types evaluated, except for 1 bacon (Brand B), had cured color, aroma, and flavor attributes similar to the nitrite-added control (Brand E). All product types and brands contained residual nitrate and residual nitrite except for Brands B and D bacons (< 1 ppm nitrite). Lipid oxidation as measured by 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances revealed a large variation in the occurrence of lipid oxidation both between and within product types, with frankfurters reporting the highest levels. Color measurements indicated the majority of the brands within each product type were similar to the control. Consumer sensory ratings for surface/lean color, aroma, flavor, texture, and overall acceptance determined that variation existed. Brand E (nitrite-added control) and 1 uncured, no-nitrate/nitrite-added brand for each product type were not different ( P > 0.05) for overall acceptance and received higher scores ( P < 0.05) than all other brands within each product type.     

重组培根加工过程中N-亚硝胺及其前体物质含量的动态变化

为了明确重组培根加工过程中N-亚硝胺含量的动态变化及其影响因素,监测原料肉、腌制、蒸煮、烟熏加工环节中pH值及亚硝酸盐、生物胺、N-亚硝胺含量的动态变化,同时考察重组培根的感官品质。结果表明：随着加工的进行,重组培根pH值和亚硝酸盐残留量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势;在监测的8 种生物胺中,原料肉中仅检出精胺,随着重组培根加工的进行,生物胺的种类不断丰富,含量逐渐升高,烟熏显著加速了生物胺的生成;原料肉中仅检测出N-二甲基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodimethylamine,NDMA）和N-亚硝基吡咯烷（N-nitrosopyrrolidin,NPYR）;腌制后可检出N-甲基乙基亚硝胺（N-nitrosomethylethylamine,NMEA）、N-二丙基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodipropylamine,NDPA）、N-二丁基亚硝胺（N-nitrosodibutylamide,NDBA）和N-亚硝基哌啶（N-nitrosopiperidine,NPIP）,NDMA含量超过了国标限量; 蒸煮后新增N - 二乙基亚硝胺（ N - n i t r o s o d i e t h y l a m i n e ,NDEA）和N-亚硝基吗啉（N- n i trosomorpholine,NMOR）,且NDMA、NDPA、NDBA、NPIP含量显著升高（P＜0.05）;烟熏过程中N-亚硝胺总量显著增加（P＜0.05）,烟熏6～9 h增幅最大;重组培根的感官评分随着烟熏时间的延长显著提高（P＜0.05）。综合食用安全性和感官评分,建议制作重组培根时选择腌制16 h,热熏法（55±2） ℃烟熏6h。