Bee Bread Ameliorates Vascular Inflammation and Impaired Vasorelaxation in Obesity-Induced Vascular Damage Rat Model: The Role of eNOS/NO/cGMP-Signaling Pathway

Obesity and hyperlipidemia are major risk factors for developing vascular diseases. Bee bread (BB) has been reported to exhibit some biological actions, including anti-obesity and anti-hyperlipidemic. This study aims to investigate whether bee bread can ameliorate vascular inflammation and impaired vasorelaxation activity through eNOS/NO/cGMP pathway in obese rats. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10/group), namely: control (normal group), obese rats (OB group), obese rats treated with bee bread (0.5 g/kg/day, OB/BB group) and obese rats treated with orlistat (10 mg/kg/day, OB/OR group). The latter three groups were given a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks to induced obesity before being administered with their respective treatments for another 6 weeks. After 12 weeks of the total experimental period, rats in the OB group demonstrated significantly higher Lee obesity index, lipid profile (total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein), aortic proinflammatory markers (tumor necrosis factor-α, nuclear factor-κβ), aortic structural damage and impairment in vasorelaxation response to acetylcholine (ACh). Bee bread significantly ameliorated the obesity-induced vascular damage manifested by improvements in the lipid profile, aortic inflammatory markers, and the impaired vasorelaxation activity by significantly enhancing nitric oxide release, promoting endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) immunoexpression. These findings suggest that the administration of bee bread ameliorates the impaired vasorelaxation response to ACh by improving eNOS/NO/cGMP-signaling pathway in obese rats, suggesting its vascular therapeutic role.     

Physicochemical Properties of Bread Baked from Flour Blended with Immature Wheat Meal Rich in Fructooligosaccharides

ABSTRACT: Grain of the soft white wheat cultivar Harus was harvested weekly from anthesis to maturity and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) contents were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Tests were carried out to determine the effect of adding immature wheat meal to a base flour of cultivar Russ (hard red spring) on the quality characteristics of bread. FOS content was also analyzed in baked bread, and the effect of transglutaminase in improving bread quality was examined. Marked decreases in FOS contents, such as 1-kestose and nystose, were observed with grain maturation. The overall quality of bread appeared to be acceptable, and the added FOS were retained after baking.     

Effect of Flour Quality, Ascorbic Acid, and DATEM on Dough Rheological Parameters and Hearth Loaves Characteristics

ABSTRACT: The effects of protein quality, protein content, ascorbic acid, diacetyl tartaric acid ester of monoglyc-erides (DATEM), and their interactions on dough rheology and hearth bread properties were studied by size-exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography, Kieffer Dough & Gluten Extensibility Rig, and small-scale baking of hearth loaves. The effect of protein content was either positive or negative on hearth loaf characteristics, form ratio, and area, depending on the amount of the largest glutenin polymers in the flour. Ascorbic acid brought out the potential in the wheat flour known as protein quality. Ascorbic acid and DATEM strengthened the doughs and improved hearth bread characteristics.     

"米邦塔"仙人掌面包、蛋糕的研制

对仙人掌蛋糕、面包制作的可行性进行了研究。分别采用海绵蛋糕制作方法和一次发酵法制作仙人掌蛋糕和面包，并对它们的感官质量进行了评定。结果表明：仙人掌焙烤食品的感官质量符合相关国家标准，与普通焙烤食品相比，在外观形态、内部组织结构等方面无明显差异，且剖面呈绿色，略带仙人掌清香。仙人掌面包、蛋糕的开发，为仙人掌资源的开发利用提供了一条新的途径。     

新型柱状面包坯成形机的结构与功能分析

研究了面团坯的搓圆原理以及成形过程,通过对比分析传统搓圆机的工作原理,设计出一种新型柱状面包坯成形机.结果表明：新型面包成形机的结构简单、紧凑,可以使面团的内部组织结构更加细密,面团经过醒发后,气孔能在内部均匀膨胀,形成多孔膨松状的内部结构.     

图像处理技术在面包烘焙品质检验中的应用

阐速了数字图像处理技术在烘焙面包品质检验中的应用,依据灰度共现矩阵算法提取图像的纹理特征,并通过二值化后的烘焙面包切片计算出其体积。试验结果表明,该方法不仅为面包烘焙品质的快速自动检验提供了客观准确的科学依据,使感官评价的指标客观化,而且经济可行。     

基于层次分析法的馒头感官模糊综合评判

选取市售的馒头作为感官评价对象,采用层次分析法进行权重分配,构建了馒头模糊综合评判模型.以综合值H的大小来判断馒头的等级和品质的优劣,从而得出科学、全面的馒头感官评价方法.     

酶对馒头品质影响研究

探讨了脂乳酶、脂肪酶、葡萄糖氧化酶、α 淀粉酶及戊聚糖酶对馒头的体积、白度、内部结构、高径比、比容等的影响.结果表明:脂乳酶5mg/kg或葡萄糖氧化酶7mg/kg时,馒头高径比最大;α 淀粉酶5mg/kg或戊聚糖酶3mg/kg时,馒头比容最大.     

Macromolecular structure of water-extractable arabinoxylans in endosperm and wholemeal rye breads as factor controlling their extract viscosities

Viscosity is one of the most important attributes of rye-based products related to some health benefits. To identify the factors affecting arabinoxylan-dependent extract viscosity (AX-EV) of rye bread, the structural features of water-extractable arabinoxylans (WE-AXs) and their ammonium sulphate precipitated subfractions were investigated in breads with varied viscosities. Also, an endoxylanase activity in the starting flours was examined. The HPSEC-RI profiles revealed the higher extent of AX depolymerisation in whole-meal bread (WMB) when compared to that in endosperm bread (EB), resulting in its lower AX-EV. This was mostly related to lower molecular weight of the parent WE-AX fraction with distinctly lower proportion of 2-Xylp in the chain. The AX-EV of rye bread decreased with decreasing proportion of AX-I, the major subfraction with 3-Xylp as only branching site. The endoxylanase activity was at least two times lower in endosperm flour than that in WM and negatively correlated with the AX-EV of WMB. The importance of densely substituted AX subfractions with exclusively 2-Xylp and 2,3-Xylp branches, protecting the AX-I from enzymic degradation during bread-making, has been evidenced.