Synergistic effect of high-intensity ultrasound and β-cyclodextrin treatments on browning control in apple juice

This work evaluated the synergistic effects of combined high-intensity ultrasound (HIU) with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) treatments on inhibiting browning of apple juice and explored the mechanism through simulation system. The combined treatment of 300 W HIU with 0.006 g mL⁻¹ β-CD had a synergistic impact on maintaining juice colour, resulting in a 39.06% reduction in browning degree, only a 36.64% decrease in total phenolic content, and a 17.82% reduction in PPO activity. The inhibition of enzymatic browning in simulated system revealed that HIU suppressed the enzyme (Polyphenol oxidase, PPO) and β-CD inhibited enzyme (PPO) and embedded substrate (polyphenol). The results of spectroscopic analysis showed that the particle-size distribution of PPO narrowed, the content of α-helix in the secondary structure increased, the fluorescence intensity increased, and the maximum wavelength was red-shifted after HIU and β-CD treatment. Changes in structure could further result in PPO activity loss. Hence, the combined treatment could synthetically alleviate the browning of apple juice.     

利用马铃薯淀粉下脚液生产饮料工艺的研究

本实验尝试从马铃薯中提取蛋白质等成份，并适当添加姜汁，制成一种新型饮料，对饮料生产的工艺条件作了详细探讨，成功地解决了马铃薯褐变及沉淀等问题，确定了最佳配方及工艺。     

Encapsulation of PV modules using ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer as a pottant: A critical review

The primary purpose of this work is to review the literature about what is and is not known about using ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA0 copolymer as the encapsulant (or pottant) material in photovoltaic (PV) modules. Secondary purposes include elucidating the complexity of the encapsulation problem, providing an overview about encapsulation of PV cells and modules, providing a historical overview of the relevant research and development on EVA, summarizing performance losses reported for PV systems deployed since ca. 1981, and summarizing the general problems of polymer stability in a solar environment. We also provide a critical review of aspects of reported work for cases that we believe are important.Failure modes resolved in the early work to establish reliability of deployed modules and the purposes and properties of pottants, are summarized. Typical performance losses in large field-deployed, large-scale systems ranging from 1% to 10% per year are given quantitatively, and qualitative reports of EVA discoloration are summarized with respect to ultraviolet (UV), world-wide location and site dependence.The general stability of polymers and their desirable bulk properties for solar utilization are given. The stabilization formulation for EVA, its effectiveness, and changes in it during degradation are discussed. The degradation mechanisms for the base resin, e.g., unstabilized Elvax 150^TM, and stabilized EVA are indicated for literature dating to the early 1950s, and the role played by unsaturated chromophores is indicated. The limited number of studies relating discoloration and PV cell efficiency are summarized.Observed degradation of EVA or the unstabilized base resin in the laboratory and examples used to measure the degradation are summarized in sections entitled: (1) thermally-induced degradation; (2) photodegradation and photothermal degradation of EVA in different temperature regimes; (3) photobleaching and photodegradation of the UV absorber and cross-linking agent; (4) acetic acid and metal and metal-oxide catalyzed oxidative degradation; and (5) discolaration and PV cell efficiency losses.Processing effects/influences on EVA stability are discussed in sections entitled: (1) EVA raw materials and extruded, uncured films; (2) thermal encapsulation processes; (3) effects of lamination, curing, and curing peroxide on gel content and chromophores formed; and (4) incomplete shielding of curing-generated chromophores. A summary is given for the limited number of accelerated lifetime testing efforts and examples of erroneous service lifetime predictions for EVA are discussed. The known factors that effect the discoloration rate of several EVA formulations are discussed in which the reduction in rate by using UV-absorbing superstrates is a prime example. A summary is given of what is and is not known about EVA degradation mechanisms, degradation from exposures in field-deployed modeules and/or laboratory testing, and factors that contribute to EVA stability or degradation. Finally, conclusions about using Elvax 150 in EVA formulations are summarized, and future prospects for developing the next-generation pottant for encapsulating PV modules are discussed.     

Enzymic browning of sulphocatechol

When sulphur dioxide inhibits the enzymic browning of catechol catalysed by mushroom tyrosinase, the main reaction product is 4-sulphocatechol. When assessed for its browning potential, this product appears to be unreactive and does not inhibit the enzyme.     

Some characteristics and a comparison 6f the activities of o-dihydroxyphenoloxidase activity from five yam (Dioscorea spp.) species

o-Dihydroxyphenoloxidase (E.C. 1.14.18.1) (o-DPOase) was extracted from acetone-extracted freeze-dried yam tubers, and fractionated by (NH₄)₂SO₄ precipitation and chromatography on DEAE-cellulose to give two forms from Dioscorea alta L. (cv. UM680) and three forms from D. rotundata Poir. (cv. Nwopoke). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed one of the forms from each species to contain two protein bands with o-DPOase activity. o-DPOase from D. alata showed activity with catechol, (+)-catechin, (?)-epicatechin and chlorogenic acid, but not with tyrosine, as substrate, o-DPOase from D. rotundata showed activity only with catechol and (+)-catechin. K_m values for D. rotundata enzymes, calculated assuming a two-substrate reaction, were between 0.2 and 0.8 mM for oxygen and 70 and 120 mM for catechol. The enzyme was most active between pH 5.5 and pH 7.0, and showed slight activation after holding for 2 minutes at 40 or 50°C. After heating to above 60°C the enzyme showed evidence of irreversible denaturation. Theo-DPOase activity extracted from ten cultivars of five species of D. alata L., D. bulbifera L., D. cayenensis Lam., D. dumetorum Pax, and D. rotundata Poir. were compared.     

Enzymatic Browning in Apple Pulps

Enzymatic browning in Golden Delicious apple pulp was studied as related to degree of ripeness and temperature (3.5–31°C). Green apple pulp showed the highest rate of browning. This was attributable to differences in ascorbic acid (AA) content and polyphenoloxidase activity in young fruits. The rate of browning determined by CIE L* measurements followed complex temperature dependent kinetics, represented by a multiple linear effects with log time. Equal changes in L* parameter yielded straight lines in a log temperature vs log time plot. Inhibition with AA caused an initial slow rate of browning and a well defined break point associated with exhaustion of antioxidant properties of the AA. The greater the AA concentration the longer the initial period.     

苹果汁中糖和氨基酸的美拉德反应动力学模拟研究

在苹果汁的热加工过程中,美拉德反应对其质量的影响是极其重要的.为了能控制象美拉德反应这样复杂的反应,必须对其进行定量研究.本文通过对苹果汁中主要糖和氨基酸的美拉德反应动力学模拟.阐述了苹果汁中非酶褐变的美拉德反应机理,应用反应动力学原理,定量地描述反应的变化和预测反应随时间-温度的变化规律.     

曲酸对苹果汁酶促褐变抑制作用的研究

将几种护色剂在苹果破碎时加入,考察它们对苹果汁的防褐变作用。L-半胱氨酸、曲酸对苹果PPO的抑制作用最强,防褐变效果最好。曲酸是值得推广的防褐变剂。     

氨基酸对葡萄糖-天冬酰胺模拟体系中丙烯酰胺形成的抑制作用研究

目的 研究4种氨基酸对已建立的葡萄糖-天冬酰胺模拟体系中丙烯酰胺生成的影响。方法 以葡萄糖-天冬酰胺组为对照组,在此基础上分别加入半胱氨酸、甘氨酸、赖氨酸和谷氨酸4种氨基酸为实验组,于140℃反应5～30min,测定反应后模拟体系的褐变程度、色差值、生成丙烯酰胺含量和剩余葡萄糖含量。结果 4种氨基酸中,半胱氨酸和谷氨酸对模拟体系中的褐变度和色差值的抑制作用较好;半胱氨酸和赖氨酸对底物葡萄糖的消耗作用较快;半胱氨酸对丙烯酰胺的抑制效果最好,抑制率为(76.00±0.73)%,其他氨基酸的抑制率分别为甘氨酸(38.39±0.44)%、赖氨酸(51.03±3.09)%和谷氨酸(28.76±2.43)%;进一步研究发现,当添加4.2mmol半胱氨酸时,丙烯酰胺抑制率达(95.32±0.47)%。结论 4种氨基酸相比,半胱氨酸对丙烯酰胺形成的抑制效果最好,且对于降低葡萄糖-天冬酰胺模拟体系的褐变度、色差值、葡萄糖含量有较好的效果。     

响应面法优化复合护色剂对柿汁褐变的影响

以柿果为原料,利用曲酸、L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸为护色剂对柿汁加工过程中抑制褐变进行研究。以褐变抑制率和色差值为指标,在添加不同浓度护色剂单因素试验基础上,进行正交试验,选取对褐变抑制率及色差值影响较大的三种护色剂为自变量,褐变抑制率为响应值,采用Box-Behnken中心组合试验和响应面分析法,研究自变量交互作用对柿汁褐变的影响。结果表明:柿汁复合护色剂最优配比为曲酸1.02g/100mL、抗坏血酸0.41g/100mL、柠檬酸0.83 g/100mL,此条件下柿汁褐变抑制率实测值为86.15%,与预测值吻合率可达97.79%,可有效抑制柿汁褐变发生。