考虑风电不确定性和机组故障停运风险的两阶段鲁棒机组组合

发电机故障停运是电力系统运行中的不确定事件。目前在含风电鲁棒机组组合中考虑机组故障停运的方法,不同程度地忽略了机组故障停运的概率特征,难以较好描述机组故障停运风险。在含风电鲁棒机组组合模型的基础上,引入电量不足期望以量化机组故障停运风险,基于成本收益分析建立了考虑风电不确定性和机组故障停运风险的两阶段鲁棒机组组合模型,并提出计算电量不足期望的简化模型以提升计算效率。基于改进的IEEE-RTS 26机系统验证所提模型和方法,结果表明该方法能较好考虑风电不确定性和机组故障停运风险的影响,该简化模型能显著减小问题求解规模、缩短计算时间。     

需求响应的成本收益构成及其分配

需求响应可以引导用户进行更合理更有效的用电安排,改善电力生产资源效率。这个效率提高创造了一个多元的利益：所有参与者,电力的供需双方,系统的可靠性以及电力市场的可靠性。对需求响应各类成本及收益的构成、发生和归属作了分析,界定并提出了需求响应的利益分配和成本分担的主体及其机制。     

城市配网自动化可靠性评估与成本效益分析

实施城市配电网自动化是提高电力系统可靠性的重要技术手段。论述配网自动化技术的机理和特点,探讨配网自动化对可靠性的影响,并对传统的配电网可靠性评估方法进行修正,建立配网自动化可靠性评估模型;通过成本效益分析法,分析配网自动化的经济效益;最后,以某实际配电系统为例验证评估方法的综合效果以及成本效益间的经济性关系。实施配网自动化改造可有效提高其可靠性和经济效益。     

基于成本收益分析的环境规制工具选择

政策工具的选择取决于制度、技术等许多因素的制约。文章认为当环境规制工具的选择面临技术或制度等因素的制约时，经济工具的实施将变得十分困难，此时也许使用命令控制工具会更好。     

基于区域电价之差的输电线路的成本效益分析模型

电力工业体制的改革使输电线路规划的外部环境发生了明显的变化,要求对规划理念和理论进行根本性的转变。为了适应市场化条件下的输电线路的规划,可以从技术经济的角度,综合考虑多种不确定因素,用成本-效益分析的方法来评价输电线路扩展的可行性。文中以区域电价之差作为项目的收益,不仅充分利用了市场提供的电价信息,符合市场化改革的方向,而且避免了预测项目现金流的复杂的计算,具有计算简便的优点。通过引入弹性概念,给出了输电线路容量与区域电价之差之间的数量关系模型,通过分析,说明市场条件下区域电价与输电容量存在着非常敏感的负相关关系。通过算例分析表明,该方法是可行的、有效的,可以作为传统输电项目扩展规划可行性分析的一个重要的补充方法。     

A novel lifetime cost-benefit analysis method for seismic retrofitting of low-rise reinforced concrete buildings

This article presents a novel simplified method for assessing seismic damage to low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings by using the hazard curve of response spectral acceleration. Moreover, the occurrence of an earthquake is assumed to follow a Poisson process when analysing the occurrence probability of a specified damage state in the remaining service life and expected losses induced by seismic damage. Then, a novel procedure for estimating lifetime costs and benefits of seismic retrofitting is proposed. In the case study, 16 practical design projects for seismic retrofitting of RC school buildings in Taipei are subjected to lifetime cost-benefit analysis using the proposed method. It can be found that not only lifetime cost-benefit ratios but also the financial return period for each dollar invested seismic retrofitting can be identified conveniently. Additionally, they are useful information for making decisions about whether to retrofit a building or not.     

The worldwide urban water and wastewater infrastructure challenge

There are two parts to the challenge of providing the infrastructure necessary for universal access to water and sanitation. One challenge is the extension of existing infrastructure and new infrastructure to serve all in today's urban areas and to keep up with the expected rapid growth of cities; the other is the refurbishment of existing infrastructure to maintain access to water and sanitation. Meeting the second challenge is the more costly; it is also essential to meeting the first challenge. Infrastructure is the means, not the end, with a requirement for clear policies on objectives, priorities and service standards. Delivery will require effective planning, regulation, innovation, capacity building and training. Although the infrastructure costs will be high, the benefits will be greater.     

Nitrate Pollution on the Island of Jersey

Abstract

This paper reviews the processes by which groundwater and surface water flows are polluted by nitrates on the Island of Jersey in the English Channel. It is shown that the primary cause of such pollution is the use of nitrate fertilizers by the Island's farmers. The activities of the major government institutions involved in reducing nitrate pollution are described and the costs of such management are assessed. The instruments deployed are regulatory, infrastructural, and educational; in contrast, economic instruments have not been deployed. The article then moves on to consider the benefits of pollution reduction in respect of enhanced environmental quality and improved human health. In conclusion, it is suggested that the standard for the nitrate content of drinking water, based on European Community legislation of 1980, was set at a level for which no human health benefits have been demonstrated but at substantial costs to the citizens of Jersey. This “cost without benefit” hypothesis is applicable to many other countries with respect to nitrate pollution management.     

建筑节能技术的节能量与全寿命周期成本–收益分析

随着城市化的发展,资源消耗问题日益严重。作为节能的重点行业,节能量与节能成本是技术选择的重点考虑因素。以建筑围护材料、地源热泵两项建筑节能技术为例,分析它们的节能量,与全生命周期成本-收益。计算方法的讨论与案例分析能给建筑节能技术的选择与应用提供理论指导。     

Does a Cleaner Thames Pass an Economic Appraisal?

Abstract

Due to substantial clean-up efforts, water quality in the River Thames in London has steadily improved over the last three decades. However, London's Victorian sewage system still discharges untreated sewage into the Thames, at times of moderate to heavy rainfall. This happens approximately 60 times every year, creating adverse environmental and amenity impacts on the river. Major and costly engineering works will be required to solve the sewage overflow problem. This paper reports the results of a stated preference study designed to value the multiple non-market benefits—eductions in sewage litter, risk to human health, and risk to fish populations—associated with a range of potential engineering solutions. Our findings indicate that household willingness to pay for these benefits is likely to be significantly greater than the projected costs per household of, at least, some potential technical solutions. Although arguably justifiable on economic grounds, the final decision on whether to proceed with such a large infrastructure project is unlikely to depend wholly on cost-benefit thinking, but involve complex trade-offs with other socially desirable criteria.