V2O5/RGO/Pt nanocomposite on oxytetracycline degradation and pharmaceutical effluent detoxification

The cover image is based on the Research Article V₂O₅/RGO/Pt nanocomposite on oxytetracycline degradation and pharmaceutical effluent detoxification by Mohan, H et al., DOI: 10.1002/jctb.6238 .

     

作保灵对长残效除草剂的解毒效应

利用田间试验方法研究保护剂长残效除草剂解毒效应。不同保护剂对豆磺隆解毒效应有差异，作保灵解毒效应最明显，但在除草剂高残留量时解毒作用下降。作保灵对三种长残效除草剂都具有明显的解毒作用，作物的出苗率可恢复80％～100％。解毒效应顺序为油莱＞白菜＞甜菜。     

Enzymic adaptations in leaf-feeding insects to host-plant allelochemicals

Herbivorous insects have the capacity to develop behavioral, physiological, and biochemical resistance mechanisms in response to chemical selection pressures. Among natural insect-plant associations, there are several cases of target-site insensitivity to and enhanced metabolism of plant allelochemicals. There are also known instances of physiological defenses such as extra rapid excretion or storage of toxic compounds. Multiple defenses seem to be prevalent in natural insect-plant interactions that involve toxic compounds, possibly reflecting the long time these interactions have had to evolve compared to insect-synthetic insecticide interactions. Synthetic insecticides were introduced about 45 years ago. Until recently they have been used as single-active-component preparations. As such, they have been and are very effective in producing insect populations with enhanced detoxification ability and target-site insensitivity. Most insecticide-resistant insect populations have one major defense mechanism. This feature makes the synthetic insecticides very useful tools for studies of insect defenses against toxic chemicals. Information gained from studies with insecticides can shed light on the capabilities of insects to adapt to toxicants in their environment. In assessing the validity of work with synthetic insecticides for natural systems, the fundamental differences between these substances and allelochemicals, and in their presentation to the insects, must, however, be considered. The prevalence of multiple defenses and reliance on modified physiological processes in natural interactions may reflect different properties of the natural chemicals in being generally highly biodegradable and often less acutely toxic than synthetic insecticides. In many cases, the plant allelochemicals are presented to the insects as mixtures. It is, however, to be expected that pest insects will evolve effective multiple defenses against synthetic insecticides. About 20% of all resistant populations have already developed multiple defenses, in most cases combinations of enhanced metabolism and target-site insensitivity. This implies that current crop protection practices need to be modified to ensure the continued usefulness of synthetic insecticides. To achieve this, it is important to study intensively not only insect-insecticide interactions but also the interactions operating in natural insect-plant associations.     

治理铬渣的两个关键

铬渣中存在的酸溶性六价铬是解毒效果能否持久的关键，而铬渣中游离氧化镁消化是利用铬渣作建筑材料时必须高度重视的问题，论述了湿法解毒、高温解毒和非熔融的综合利用法等方法，对铬盐行业的铬渣治理有指导作用。     

Effect of birch (Betula pendula) bark and food protein level on root voles (Microtus oeconomus): II. detoxification capacity

The effect of protein and birch bark powder (BBP) content of forage on detoxification capacity of root voles (Microtus oeconomus) was studied. Young voles were fed with eight different diets for two weeks. Individuals on low (3%) protein diets had significantly lighter livers and kidneys than those on moderate (6%) or high (12%) protein diets. Birch bark powder addition did not have significant effect on organ weight. Detoxification was significantly induced, apparently due to secondary compounds in BBP. The activity of ethoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase (EROD) was high when protein content or BBP concentration in forage was high as compared to low protein diets or diets containing no BBP. Glucuronidation, on the other hand, was not induced by BBP. High BBP content caused serious physiological stress to the voles. The only individuals surviving were those capable of sufficiently allocating energy and protein to detoxification.     

Adaptive relationships of epoxide hydrolase in herbivorous arthropods

Epoxide hydrolase catalyzes a simple hydrolysis of reactive cyclic ethers that may otherwise alkylate and impair critical proteins and nucleic acids required for life. Although much less studied than the cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases that produce epoxides, differences in subcellular, tissue, pH, substrate, and inhibitor specificities argue for at least three forms of insect epoxide hydrolase. Increasing numbers of epoxides are being identified as plant allelochemicals, antifeedants, and essential hormones or precursors for herbivorous arthropods, and in many cases an associated alkene to diol pathway of metabolism is found. A role for epoxide hydrolase in arthropod-plant interactions is strongly supported by species comparisons and by age-activity and induction studies. Two major limitations for study in biochemical ecology of epoxide hydrolase are the lack of an effective in vivo inhibitor and a range of commercially available radiolabeled substrates for the enzymes.     

Disposition and fate of cucurbitacin B in five species of diabroticites

Five species of diabroticites with different host-plant preferences produced an essentially identical array of metabolites when fed radiolabeled cucurbitacin B synthesized in vivo and purified fromCucurbita maxima Duchesne seedlings. All species excreted the bulk of the cucurbitacin (67,17-94.59% total dpm), permanently sequestered a small proportion of a cucurbitacin conjugate in the hemolymph (0.98–2.76%), and apportioned the remainder between the gut, the body, and the eggs (when present). Markedly different ratios between the excretory metabolites (i.e., polar vs. unmetabolized cuc) suggest thatDibrotica virgifera virgifera, a grass specialist, andAcalymma vittatum, a cucurbit specialist, have lower rates of metabolic alteration than the polyphagousD. undecimpunctata howardi, D. balteata, andD. cristata, which is associated with relict prairies. Mean life-spans ofD. balteata and D. v. virgifera and maleA. vittatum decreased significantly with continuous feeding onCucurbita fruit containing cucurbitacins (vs. fruit devoid of cucs). The longevity of femaleA. vittatum, however, was unaffected by the presence of cucurbitacins.     

脱毒对热解液中内醚糖及紫色光合菌利用热解液的影响

研究了不同脱毒材料和处理方式对热解液中内醚糖及紫色光合菌利用热解液的影响.实验结果表明,脱毒处理能显著改善紫色光合菌对热解液的利用效率,不同的脱毒材料对热解液中的内醚糖吸附程度有较大的差异.以氢氧化钙和活性炭联用处理后,紫色光合菌对热解液的利用效果最好,对内醚糖的利用率在培养的第4 d即达到77.7%,培养6 d对热解液的利用率达到94.1%,远高于未脱毒处理时的利用效率（61.9%,14 d）.几种脱毒处理方式中,以氢氧化钙处理时对内醚糖的吸附最少（15.1%）,而以717阴离子交换树脂处理时对内醚糖的吸附量最高（68.8%）.     

湖北某厂以清洁生产为目标的污水治理方案

在化工制药生产过程中,产生一类以分子量小、挥发性较强,对生化过程有害的污水,使上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)系统难以正常工作.为解决这类化工污水的生化消解问题,以湖北某厂生产吡哆醇盐酸盐产生的污水治理为例,应用"鱼刺图"的方法分析,找到了该企业生化系统不能开车正常的主要原因是三乙胺和正丁醛杀灭或抑制了菌群的生长.提出了——对三乙胺和正丁醛等进行氧化解毒是确保该UASB系统正常开车的关键.在协同使用气提回收三乙胺和正丁醛等,曝气脱毒,催化燃烧曝气后的稀相有害物质的基础上,提出了该企业实践清洁生产的实施方案.