Content of Vasoactive Amines in Sremski Kulen and Sremska Kobasica Traditional Dry Fermented Sausages From Vojvodina

The aim of this paper was to determine the content of vasoactive biogenic amines in Sremski kulen and Sremska kobasica and to estimate hygienic conditions and good manufacturing practice (GMP) according to proposed criteria. Formation of dansyl chloride derivatizated vasoactive amines were determined using HPLC–DAD. Tryptamine (47.6; 34.2 mg/kg), histamine (16.1; 6.42 mg/kg) and tyramine (95.1; 45.2 mg/kg) were detected in both investigated type of traditional dry fermented sausages while phenylethylamine was not detected. Total content of vasoactive amines did not exceed the sum (200 mg/kg) proposed as a possible indicator of hygienic conditions and GMP in sausage production.     

Accumulation of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances in cured pork sausages treated with propolis extracts

Propolis collected by bees has many components that possess antifungal, anticancer and antioxidant properties. Cured ground pork meat was treated separately with 0.4% w/w ethanol‐extracted propolis (EEP 0.4%), 0.6% w/w water‐extracted propolis (WEP 0.6%), 0.8% w/w dried residue of ethanol‐extracted propolis (DREEP 0.8%) and 0.1% w/w potassium sorbate (PS 0.1%) and made into sausages. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in the sausages to assess the effects of storage at 5, 10 and 20 °C after 0, 2 and 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of storage at 5 °C the sausages treated with EEP 0.4%, DREEP 0.8%, WEP 0.6% and PS 0.1% yielded TBARS values which were 50, 59, 35 and 91% respectively of the control value. There was an increase of 0.33 mg MDA kg^?1, the lowest of all treatments, in TBARS for the 0.4% w/w EEP‐treated sausages. The curing process will control microbiological spoilage, as will potassium sorbate. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry     

Microbiological safety of kinema, a fermented soya bean food

Kinema is a fermented soya bean food of Nepal and the hilly regions of North-eastern States of India. Generally, the fermentation is dominated by Bacillus spp. that often cause alkalinity and desirable stickiness in the product. The present study was undertaken in a limited number of commercial (market) kinema samples to test for the presence of foodborne pathogens and their properties. Bacillus cereus was present in numbers exceeding 10⁴ cfu/g product in five of the tested 15 market samples. Enterobacteriaceae and coliform bacteria exceeded 10⁵ cfu/g in 10 of the 15 samples. Escherichia coli exceeding 10⁵ cfu/g was found in two samples. Staphylococcus aureus was not detected in any of the tested samples. Of 31 isolated typical and atypical strains of B. cereus, 18 representative strains were tested qualitatively for the ability to produce diarrhoeal type enterotoxin (BCET) using an Oxoid BCET-RPLA test kit. Overall, BCET was formed by 12 strains in BHIG (brain heart infusion broth +1% glucose), by seven strains on sterilized cooked rice, and by five strains on sterilized cooked soya beans. Semi-quantitative tests on BCET revealed that levels exceeding 256 ng/g soya beans, produced by single pure culture inoculation with the isolated B. cereus strains, were reduced to ≤ 8 ng/g by frying kinema in oil, a common procedure when making kinema curry. It was also shown in a mixed pure culture experiment that a kinema strain B. Subtilis DK-W1, is able to suppress growth and BCET formation by a selected toxin producing strain (BC7-5) of B. cereus. It is concluded that the traditional way of making kinema and its culinary use in curries is safe. However, for novel applications of kinema, safety precautions are advisable.     

Cure Levels, Processing Methods and Meat Source Effects on Low-fat Frankfurters

Frankfurters were manufactured from lean meats (100% beef and 50:50 beef-pork) to contain reduced levels of fat (about 1.3%). A curing solutibn was added to yield 160% of fresh meat weight. Three processing methods, coarse ground tumbled, fine ground tumbled and fine ground emulsified were used. All products were cooked in live steam to 71°C internal temperature. Product yields, penetrometer values, color, chemical composition, caloric content and added water were evaluated. Emulsified frankfurters from 50:50 beef-pork mixtures at 160% cure had texture similar to conventional product as well as increased (P<0.05) yields, acceptable color and 74% fewer calories.     

Current Perspectives on the Physiological Activities of Fermented Soybean-Derived Cheonggukjang

Cheonggukjang (CGJ, fermented soybean paste), a traditional Korean fermented dish, has recently emerged as a functional food that improves blood circulation and intestinal regulation. Considering that excessive consumption of refined salt is associated with increased incidence of gastric cancer, high blood pressure, and stroke in Koreans, consuming CGJ may be desirable, as it can be made without salt, unlike other pastes. Soybeans in CGJ are fermented by Bacillus strains (B. subtilis or B. licheniformis), Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., and Enterococcus faecium, which weaken the activity of putrefactive bacteria in the intestines, act as antibacterial agents against pathogens, and facilitate the excretion of harmful substances. Studies on CGJ have either focused on improving product quality or evaluating the bioactive substances contained in CGJ. The fermentation process of CGJ results in the production of enzymes and various physiologically active substances that are not found in raw soybeans, including dietary fiber, phospholipids, isoflavones (e.g., genistein and daidzein), phenolic acids, saponins, trypsin inhibitors, and phytic acids. These components prevent atherosclerosis, oxidative stress-mediated heart disease and inflammation, obesity, diabetes, senile dementia, cancer (e.g., breast and lung), and osteoporosis. They have also been shown to have thrombolytic, blood pressure-lowering, lipid-lowering, antimutagenic, immunostimulatory, anti-allergic, antibacterial, anti-atopic dermatitis, anti-androgenetic alopecia, and anti-asthmatic activities, as well as skin improvement properties. In this review, we examined the physiological activities of CGJ and confirmed its potential as a functional food.     

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Effects of Potential Probiotics Isolated from Korean Fermented Foods

A total of sixteen bacterial strains were isolated and identified from the fourteen types of Korean fermented foods that were evaluated for their in vitro probiotic potentials. The results showed the highest survivability for Bacillus sp. compared to Lactobacillus sp. in simulated gastric pH, and it was found to be maximum for B. inaquosorum KNUAS016 (8.25 ± 0.08 log10 CFU/mL) and minimum for L. sakei KNUAS019 (0.8 ± 0.02 log10 CFU/mL) at 3 h of incubation. Furthermore, B. inaquosorum KNUAS016 and L. brevis KNUAS017 also had the highest survival rates of 6.86 ± 0.02 and 5.37 ± 0.01 log10 CFU/mL, respectively, in a simulated intestinal fluid condition at 4 h of incubation. The percentage of autoaggregation at 6 h for L. sakei KNUAS019 (66.55 ± 0.33%), B. tequilensis KNUAS015 (64.56 ± 0.14%), and B. inaquosorum KNUAS016 (61.63 ± 0.19%) was >60%, whereas it was lower for L. brevis KNUAS017 (29.98 ± 0.09%). Additionally, B. subtilis KNUAS003 showed higher coaggregation at 63.84 ± 0.19% while B. proteolyticus KNUAS001 found at 30.02 ± 0.33%. Among them, Lactobacillus sp. showed the best non-hemolytic activity. The highest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity was observed in L. sakei KNUAS019 (58.25% and 71.88%). The cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus sp. considerably inhibited pathogenic growth, while the cell-free supernatant of Bacillus sp. was moderately inhibited when incubated for 24 h. However, the overall results found that B. subtilis KNUAS003, B. proteolyticus KNUAS012, L. brevis KNUAS017, L. graminis KNUAS018, and L. sakei KNUAS019 were recognized as potential probiotics through different functional and toxicity assessments.     

火锅虾滑肠加工工艺研究

研究一种火锅虾滑肠的制作过程及工艺.通过单因素试验确定了影响火锅虾滑肠品质的主要因素及最佳水平范围.通过正交试验确定了主要影响因素的最佳配比:新鲜虾肉添加量为40％、金线鱼鱼糜添加量为14％、木薯变性淀粉添加量为2％、斩拌时间为6min,在此添加量及工艺条件下,生产出的产品经火锅水煮,结构及风味表现最佳.     

宜宾产区浓香型白酒酿造生境中细菌的群落结构

该文利用高通量测序技术全面解析宜宾产区浓香型白酒酿造生境中的微生物菌群结构,并对窖泥、大曲、酒醅和黄水中的细菌种类和丰度进行对比分析。结果表明,从宜宾产区白酒酿造生境的26个样品中共注释到来自于201个属的1 493个OTUs,主要分布于拟杆菌门(Bacteroidete)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),其中5个属来自于古菌域的广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)。窖泥样品中微生物菌种的多样性最高,主要以古菌、瘤胃球菌和乳酸菌为主;大曲的多样性次之,主要包括未鉴定到属水平的细菌,芽胞杆菌、乳酸菌和高温放线菌等;酒醅和黄水中的微生物多样性最低,其主要微生物类群以乳酸菌和瘤胃球菌为主。宜宾产区浓香型白酒酿造过程微生物群落结构呈现出从多种微生物共同作用到功能微生物主要发挥作用的趋势。该研究为探究浓香型白酒酿造过程中功能微生物,解析白酒酿造机理,提升白酒品质奠定了基础。     

低酸度川味香肠加工过程中脂肪降解和氧化

在控温控湿条件下接种发酵剂生产低酸度川味香肠,通过测定加工过程中p H、酸价、过氧化值、TBA值和游离脂肪酸组成,并与自然条件下生产的传统川味香肠(对照组)相比较,揭示低酸度川味香肠加工过程中脂肪降解和氧化的规律。实验结果显示,干燥结束时,低酸度川味香肠的p H、过氧化值和TBA值分别为5.50、0.783meq/kg和0.252mg丙二醛/kg,均低于对照组,低酸度川味香肠酸价为2.701mg KOH/g,高于对照组,低酸度川味香肠的单不饱和脂肪酸含量为40.46%,不饱和脂肪酸含量为59.09%,其不饱和脂肪酸含量明显高于对照组(41.99%)。研究结果表明,在整个加工过程中,低酸度川味香肠中的脂肪更容易发生降解,多不饱和脂肪酸更容易产生氧化现象,脂肪氧化在加工过程中持续进行。      

核桃仁与发酵核桃乳中脂肪酸GC法的甲酯化条件优化及含量测定

本文采用GC-FID测定核桃仁、发酵核桃乳中的脂肪酸。在单因素实验的基础上,以衍生化试剂加入量、超声时间、超声水浴温度为影响因素,峰面积为响应值,运用Box-Benhnken中心组合实验设计原理进行响应面分析,优化了甲酯化反应条件。结果表明,检测核桃仁、发酵核桃乳中脂肪酸甲酯化的适宜条件为:0.5%KOH-甲醇647μL、超声时间5min、超声水浴温度43℃。在该条件下进行甲酯化反应,结合GC-FID检测到9种核桃仁中均含有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸5种脂肪酸,含量由高到低的顺序为:亚油酸>油酸>亚麻酸>棕榈酸>硬脂酸。用6种乳酸菌发酵的核桃乳,脂肪酸含量的整体变化不显著。