Valley floor landscape change following almost 100 years of flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river

Critical to restoring the nature conservation value of many river corridors is an understanding of how alluvial landscapes will respond to cessation of river management and land use practices that have previously degraded the environment. This paper analyses changes in valley floor landforms and vegetation patch dynamics, in relation to fluvial disturbance, over a period of almost 100 years following flood embankment abandonment on a wandering gravel‐bed river, namely the River Tummel, Scotland. Such rivers were once typical of many draining upland areas of northern maritime Europe. Prior to abandonment the valley floor landscape was agriculturally dominated and the river for the most part was single thread confined between flood embankments. The pattern of landform change and vegetation patch development over time following a decision in 1903 not to maintain embankments was tracked by geomorphic and land cover mapping utilizing successive sets of aerial photography for the period 1946 to 1994. A historical context for these changes was also feasible because the channel planform in 1900 and earlier channel planform changes dating back to 1753 were known due to the availability of old maps and earlier geomorphic studies. The land cover mapping was validated by comparison of results produced from the interpretation work on the 1994 aerial photographs with the field‐based UK National Vegetation Classification protocol. The findings of the study illustrate that bordering the River Tummel fluvial landforms and vegetation patch mosaics, presumably resembling those that occurred before valley floor land use intensification, evolved in less than 50 years after flood embankment abandonment with a resultant increase in habitat diversity. The change relates primarily to flood‐induced channel planform change and moderate levels of fluvial disturbance. The general significance of this change to plant species diversity on the valley floor of the River Tummel and elsewhere is discussed as is possible implications of the upstream impoundment and scenarios for climatically induced changes in flood frequency and magnitude. The overall outcome is the strong possibility that simple changes in river management and land use practices could result in re‐establishment of the nature conservation value of similar river corridors in Europe over the medium term without active restoration efforts. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

"平垸行洪、退田还湖"对血吸虫病扩散的影响及对策研究

血吸虫病是一种严重危害人民健康、影响社会经济发展的传染性疾病,钉螺是血吸虫的唯一中间宿主.1998年洪水后实施的"平垸行洪、退田还湖"措施对于钉螺和血吸虫病的扩散有着重要的影响.总结影响钉螺和血吸虫病扩散的因素,并对典型"平垸行洪、退田还湖"后钉螺和血吸虫病变化情况进行调查研究,结果表明,认识某一区域钉螺和血吸虫病扩散...     

塑料套管混凝土桩加固公路软土地基现场试验研究

根据某一高速公路塑料套管混凝土桩加固软土地基工程实例,对桩土应力、地表沉降、横向位移、不同深度孔隙水压力进行观测,讨论了塑料套管混凝土桩桩承式路堤的工作机理。结果表明：塑料套管桩加筋路堤的临界高度约为1.26倍桩净距,观测期末,荷载分担比接近89%;桩帽和桩间土最大差异沉降为30 mm左右,且应力集中比随着差异沉降的增大而线性增大;路堤堤脚附近不同深处横向位移随着路堤填筑高度的增加而增加,施工结束时,地表以下2.5 m处横向位移最大,为12.86 mm;横向位移-沉降比和横向位移增加率随着路堤填筑高度的增加逐步减小并趋于稳定,塑料套管混凝土桩加筋路堤系统能够有效防止路堤横向位移的发展和改善路堤的整体稳定性。     

堤防隐患的多维灰色系统综合评估

采用多维灰色系统综合评估理论提出了对堤防隐患的评估方法。通过分析堤防的工程地质条件、物探资料及对堤防已采取的工程措施等影响堤防安全的因素,对堤防隐患的程度作了较为合理、科学的评估。实例分析计算表明,这是一种行之有效的方法,值得推广。另外,通过工程实例分析,对黄河下游堤防隐患的程度进行了分类,结果令人满意。该方法对治理堤防隐患提供了强有力的数据支持。     

加筋路堤下桩式复合地基的桩土应力比计算

近年来工程中修建了越来越多的桩承式加筋路堤。选取单桩影响范围的复合土体为研究对象,假定桩间土上部水平加筋材料受上覆土压力作用后变形为二次抛物面,考虑水平加筋材料对桩顶的作用力,通过建立整体平衡方程,推导出了加筋路堤下桩式复合地基的桩土应力比的解析表达式。通过算例进行验证,表明该计算方法是合理可靠的,最后分析了各参数对桩土应力比的影响,得到了一些变化规律。     

Reliability-based settlement analysis of embankments over soft soils reinforced with T-shaped deep cement mixing piles

This paper presents a reliability-based settlement analysis of T-shaped deep cement mixing (TDM) pile-supported embankments over soft soils. The uncertainties of the mechanical properties of the in-situ soil, pile, and embankment, and the effect of the pile shape are considered simultaneously. The analyses are performed using Monte Carlo Simulations in combination with an adaptive Kriging (using adaptive sampling algorithm). Individual and system failure probabilities, in terms of the differential and maximum settlements (serviceability limit state (SLS) requirements), are considered. The reliability results for the embankments supported by TDM piles, with various shapes, are compared and discussed together with the results for conventional deep cement mixing pile-supported embankments with equivalent pile volumes. The influences of the inherent variabilities in the material properties (mean and coefficient of variation values) on the reliability of the piled embankments, are also investigated. This study shows that large TDM piles, particularly those with a shape factor of greater than 3, can enhance the reliability of the embankment in terms of SLS requirements, and even avoid unacceptable reliability levels caused by variability in the material properties.     

桩承式加筋路堤中土工格栅加筋效应的室内试验研究

基于室内模型槽试验,开展了考虑土工格栅的桩承式路堤变形和填土应力分布规律研究,重点研究了土工格栅抗拉强度和土工格栅层数对软土竖向位移、填土竖向应力分布和桩土应力比的影响。研究结果表明:软土竖向位移随土工格栅抗拉强度和土工格栅层数增加而减小;不同层数土工格栅作用下填土竖向应力随路堤高度的分布规律差异较大。综合考虑桩承式路堤软土变形和填土荷载向桩顶转移程度,了解研究工况下土工格栅的作用效果,可为现场路堤工程中如何选用合适土工格栅抗拉强度和层数提供依据。     

Experimental analysis on settlement controlling of geogrid-reinforced pile-supported embankments on collapsible loess in high-speed railway

Centrifugal model tests were performed to investigate the effectiveness of settlement control using geogrid-reinforced pile-supported embankments for high-speed railways on collapsible loess. First, the acceptability of using remoulded loess to simulate the behaviour of undisturbed collapsible loess in wetting test was examined in centrifuge tests. Then, the settlement of geogrid-reinforced pile-supported embankments under different conditions was investigated using remoulded loess. Experiments results showed that the collapse deformation process of remoulded and undisturbed collapsible loess can be divided into three stages with respect to time. The settlement of embankment built on collapsible loess foundation without improvement does not meet the post-construction settlement constraint for embankment of ballast track high-speed railways. Use of rigid piles, with or without caps, can significantly reduce embankment settlement and the rate of post-construction settlement. It was also observed that the negative skin friction developed in the piles varies with pile spacing and the pile configurations.     

Seepage behavior of soil mixed with randomly distributed recycled plastic materials

Seepage through embankment fill materials is crucial issue in the construction of embankments for irrigation and drainage projects. Proper ground improvement methods should be used to improve the strength and stability characteristics of soil used as fill material. Utilization of waste plastic materials to enhance the engineering properties of soil is a sustainable approach. Additionally, the use of raw products directly from plastic recycling units in the form of flakes and pellets as soil additives has the potential to further enhance the economic benefits of this method. This study randomly mixed plastic materials with soil for use in the construction of earth embankments, such as river levees, dykes, and canal diversion structures, and evaluated the effectiveness of these materials in reducing seepage failures in hydraulic structures. To achieve these goals, this study collected high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic from plastic recycling units and used soil mixed with HDPE plastic in the form of flakes and pellets in different contents as embankment fill materials, then evaluated how these materials affected the piping features. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the seepage velocity and critical hydraulic gradient of soil mixed with plastics in various contents and to compare the values with those of plain soil. The results showed that random distribution of waste plastics in the form of flakes and pellets in soil is an effective method for improving the piping resistance of soil.     

全直桩与斜桩高桩码头结构地震动力损伤对比研究

为探究斜桩与全直桩高桩码头结构受强地震作用的损伤特点,以一典型钢管高桩码头为研究对象,并以同一建设场地为背景,在相同服役条件及地质条件下,分别建立斜桩与全直桩高桩码头结构的有限元解析模型,进行结构体系的数值模拟仿真。通过桩体截面弯矩-轴力关系曲线,分析了全直桩码头、斜桩码头两种不同结构形式受不同水平地震作用下的动力响应特性及损伤特点,为高桩码头结构的设计与选型提供合理的依据和参照。研究结果表明,在斜桩结构的内力中,斜桩的轴力起主要支配作用,可有效分担地震的作用力,在输入地震动为350 gal时,考虑到结构的水平位移满足设计要求等因素,斜桩结构在抗震性能方面要稍优于直桩结构,在输入地震动为1 000 gal时,两种结构均发生了塑性破坏,通过塑性损伤开展以及对于地震能量的吸收与耗散的对比分析,得到全直桩结构具有优于斜桩结构的抗震性能的结论。