Uncertainties in the determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloid levels in naturally contaminated honeys and comparison of results obtained by different analytical approaches

The contamination of honey with hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) is a well-known hazard for food safety. While management strategies and controls of the honey industry aim to reduce the PA levels, uncertainties remain with regard to the safety of regionally produced and marketed honey. In addition, a previous study showed large differences of results obtained after various periods of storage and apparent differences between the analytical results of different laboratories. Therefore, this study aimed at examining these uncertainties by monitoring the impact of storage on the PA and PA N-oxide (PANO) content of two freshly harvested honeys and on possible demixing effects caused by pollen settling. Additionally, three analytical approaches – target analysis with matrix-matched calibration or standard addition and a sum parameter method – were applied for a comparative analysis of 20 honeys harvested in summer 2016. All samples originated from Schleswig-Holstein in Northern Germany where the PA plant Jacobaea vulgaris is currently observed on a massive scale. The results of the time series analyses showed that PANO levels markedly decreased within a few weeks and practically reached the LOD 16 weeks after harvest. Tertiary PAs, by contrast, remained stable and did not increase as a consequence of PANO decrease. The experiments on a putative demixing, which may result in a heterogeneous distribution of PAs/PANOs, revealed that there was no such effect during storage of up to 12 weeks. A comparison of the PA/PANO levels obtained by different analytical approaches showed that in some cases the sum parameter method yielded much higher levels than the target approaches, whereas in other cases, the target analysis with standard addition found higher levels than the other two methods. In summary, the results of this study highlight uncertainties regarding the validity and comparability of analytical results and consequently regarding health risk assessment.     

Natural occurrence of Fusarium toxins in peanut,sorghum and maize from Mysore (India)

Peanut, sorghum and maize samples were collected from the wholesale market in Mysore, India, over a period of one year (October 1984 to September 1985). The samples were analysed for the natural occurrence of T-2 toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and zearalenone by thin-layer chromatography, dermal toxicity test and gas chromatography. Of the total number of peanut samples analysed, 6.9% were positive for the toxic trichothecene(s) (T-2, up to 38.89 mg kg^?1; DAS, up to 2.03 mg kg^?1); 4.8% of total sorghum samples analysed contained T-2 up to 15 mg kg^?1. Zearalenone was not found in any of the samples tested, and no toxins were detected in any of the maize samples. Samples marketed during winter and summer periods were contaminated with the toxins. All the toxin-positive samples except one peanut sample were found in produce stored for more than a week.     

A practical minimum distance method for syntax error handling

We present a method for recovering from syntax errors encountered during parsing. The method provides a form of minimum distance repair, has linear time complexity, and is completely automatic. A formal method is presented for evaluating the performance of error recovery methods, based on global minimum-distance error correction. The minimum-distance error recovery method achieves a theoretically best performance on 80% of Pascal programs in the weighted Ripley-Druseikis collection. Comparisons of performance with other error recovery methods are given.     

Error handling in a parallel LR substring parser

Parallel parsing is currently receiving attention but there is little discussion about the adaptation of sequential error handling techniques to these parallel algorithms. We describe a noncorrecting error handler implemented with a parallel LR substring parser. The parser used is a parallel version of Cormack's LR substring parser. The applicability of noncorrecting error handling for parallel parsing is discussed. The error information provided for a standard set of 118 erroneous Pascal programs is analysed. The programs are run on the sequential LR substring parser.     

Toxicity of nitro compounds fromLotus pedunculatus to grass grub (Costelytra zealandica) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Crude extracts of root of the forage legumesLotus pedunculatus andCoronilla varia (crownvetch) were toxic when administered orally to 3rd instarCostelytra zealandica larvae. A group of 3-nitropropanoyl-d-glucopyranoses was isolated from active fractions of the crude extracts. These toxins, some of which were already known fromC. varia, have not previously been reported fromL. pedunculatus. The compounds were present in root tissue of this species at a concentration of about 1% dry weight. They include the triester karakin and the diesters coronarian and cibarian, all of which were toxic to larvae ofC. zealandica at levels which could account fully for the activity of the crude extracts.     

编译原理中项目集规范族的分析与研究

LR分析法是一种应用较广泛的语法分析方法,项目集规范族是构造LR分析表的基础.本文将词法分析方法与语法分析方法联系起来,以有限自动机知识为基础,给出了一种基于自动机的构造项目集规范族的方法,然后,给出了一种更简洁的方法,并比较了两种方法的异同.     

心肌细胞电位传感器在海洋生物毒素检测中的研究

目前海洋毒素对人类健康的威胁越加严重,尤其是麻痹性毒素。提出了一种基于细胞电位传感器检测贝类的生物毒性的新方法,采用心肌细胞与微电子加工技术的微阵列芯片（MEA）相结合,构建了新型的心肌细胞电位传感器。通过心肌细胞与MEA芯片的紧密耦合,实现了实时监测心肌细胞电位的变化,输出稳定和一致性好的胞外场电位信号。通过检测海洋中危害较大的石房蛤麻痹性毒素（STX）,分析细胞的信号特征参数,实验结果表明,STX毒素对心肌细胞的电生理活动有明显的抑制作用,对脉冲幅值和脉冲频率有明显的浓度依赖性抑制作用。常规标准的生物毒性检测方法小鼠生物法的检出限为40 g/100 g,而心肌细胞电位传感器可检测的下限为1.004 ng/mL,检测范围为25 nmol/L~1600 nmol/L,通过对比表明该方法具有较好的检出限且检测方法相对简单,易于规范化和标准化。通过进一步的完善,该方法在海洋毒素的快速检测应用方面具有良好的发展前景。     

供水水质化学稳定性研究与设计

当水源水质碱度、硬度偏低,呈弱腐蚀性时,控制其水质化学稳定性的有效方法是再矿化工艺,再矿化工艺分两个步骤:①在混凝前先投加二氧化碳进行酸化,再投加石灰水进行中和,以提高碱度,且使pH处于混凝最佳值;②在滤后的主加氯后补加饱和石灰水,以保证出厂水水质稳定性。再矿化工艺能改善出厂水水质化学稳定性,提高供水水质和供水安全性,但运营成本较高。     

基于GLR算法的维吾尔语句法分析研究

采用GLR算法对维吾尔语句子进行句法分析,并且与平行LR算法进行比较,比较它们的分析过程,针对于维吾尔语在单词集上进行句法分析。分析结果采用最优规则,选取最优的句法分析树,对下一步的句法分析研究提供很大的帮助。     

编译原理中的LR类分析方法的教学研究

编译原理课程的教学不仅要介绍编译的基本原理和技术,还要培养学生的学习兴趣、专业思维和科学研究的方法及能力,文章以LR类分析方法为例,以还原知识的发现过程为主线,重现解决问题的思路与方法,以期培养学生的专业学习兴趣和科研能力。