溴氟菊酯防治大豆食心虫,大豆蚜,甘蓝夜蛾试验

１９９２～１９９５年用１０％溴氟菊酯乳油对大豆食心虫、大豆蚜、甘蓝夜蛾进行了小区试验。结果表明，该药对上述三种害虫具有良好的防效。ｌ０００倍液对大豆食心虫防治效果与２０％甲氰菊酯乳油２０００倍液相当，达到３９２．９％以上；用１０００～２０００倍液防治大豆蚜，药后７天防效达８８．５％以上；用５００～１５００倍液防治甘蓝夜蛾，药后７天均达到了８４．６％以上的防治效果。而且对作物安全。     

新疆,山东棉区棉蚜抗药性的对比

本研究于１９９５－１９９６年在新疆以新疆棉蚜为试虫进行了三次测定２０余种农药的ＬＤ５０，对比试验了２０余种农药的药效。并以全国棉蚜抗药性最高区山东省聊城棉区的抗性数据与之对比。发现新疆棉蚜的抗药性火已起步，对氰戊菊酯，涕灭威的抗性已超过山东，对久效磷，对硫磷的抗性已接近山东，吡虫啉的抗性也超过了山东。     

Detoxification of cereal plant allelochemicals by aphids: Activity and molecular weights of glutathioneS-transferase in three species of cereal aphids

The activity and molecular weights of glutathioneS-transferase were studied in three species of cereal aphid:Metopolophium dirhodum, Sitobion avenae, andRhopalosiphum padi. The highest level of glutathioneS-transferase activity was recorded in extracts fromM. dirhodum and the lowest fromS. avenae, and extracts of larvae were more active than those from adults. The activity of this enzyme was higher in extracts ofS. avenae andR. padi previously fed on a moderately resistant wheat variety than on a susceptible variety. Gel filtration followed by SDS-PAGE revealed three protein bands in the active fractions. The first had a molecular weight of 28,500 and the second of 27,500 and were present in all three species of aphid. The third protein differed in the three species, having a molecular weight of 26,000 inS. avenae, 25,500 inM. dirhodum, and 24,000 inR. padi.     

Aphid deterrence by glucose esters in glandular trichome exudate of the wild tomato,Lycopersicon pennellii

Settling of the potato aphid,Macrosiphum euphorbiae, on feeding membranes was deterred by methanolic leaf rinses ofLycopersicon pennellii, or of its F₁ with tomato,L. esculentum. The active compounds in theL. pennellii rinsates were identified as 2,3,4-tri-O-acylglucoses bearing short to medium chain length fatty acids. These compounds are localized in the glandular exudate of the type IV trichomes and may accumulate to levels in excess of 400 g/cm². In choice assays, purified glucose esters fromL. pennellii reduced aphid settling at concentrations as low as 25 g/cm²; at concentrations of 150 g/cm² or more, all aphids avoided treated areas. Glucose esters were also active in deterring aphid settling in no-choice assays. At 100 g/ cm², these esters resulted in increased levels of mortality after 48 hr.     

Effects of mite resistance mechanism of geraniums on mortality and behavior of foxglove aphid (Acyrthosiphon solani Kaltenbach)

Geraniums (Pelargonium xhortorum Bailey) possess a pest-resistance mechanism, based on glandular trichomes and the exudate they produce, that has been shown to be effective against the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). Using an intact plant bioassay, the effectiveness of the resistance mechanism was determined for another potential pest, the foxglove aphid (Acyrthosiphon solani Kaltenbach). Comparisons were made between plant lines previously analyzed for their degree of resistance to mites, as well as their glandular trichome density and trichome exudate production. Over 100 aphid adults were bioassayed on each of the five plant lines used in the experiment. In addition to adult aphid survival, the production and survival of nymphs was determined in this bioassay. The results indicate that plant lines that are resistant to the two-spotted spider mite are also resistant to the foxglove aphid, while lines susceptible to mites are susceptible to the aphids. To evaluate the physical impediment features of the trichome exudate, the behavior of foxglove aphid nymphs was compared on two geranium lines, one a resistant line with high trichome densities and large quantities of exudate and the second a susceptible line with few trichomes and reduced exudate. A third leaf surface type was produced by washing the exudate from resistant leaves using a mildly basic buffer solution prior to the bioassay. Aphid behavior was divided into five categories: feeding or probing, resting, wandering, struggling, and immobilized. On both susceptible leaves and resistant leaves from which the exudate had been removed by washing, the aphids settled quickly and were observed with inserted stylets during most of the observation intervals. In contrast, aphids on the unwashed resistant leaf surfaces often became ensnared in the sticky trichome exudate and had difficulty in settling to probe the leaf. Physical entrapment by glandular trichome exudate appears to be an important aspect of aphid resistance in geraniums.     

Patterns of Bioactivity and Herbivory on Nothofagus Species from Chile and New Zealand

Nothofagus species from Chile and New Zealand were surveyed in the field for invertebrate abundance and leaf feeding damage and in the laboratory for antifeedant activity against leafrollers (Ctenopsteustis obliquana, Epiphyas postvittana), deterrent activity against pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), insect growth regulatory activity (Oncopeltus fasciatus), nematicidal activity (Caenorhabditis elegans), antibiotic activity (Pseudomonas solanaciarium), and general toxicity. A data matrix indicated that N. alessandri and N. pumilio most likely have a chemical barrier to insect attack as leaves showed low faunal abundance, low herbivory, and activity in the leafroller antifeedant, aphid deterrent, and nematicidal assays. A chemical examination of N. alessandri that used the leafroller antifeedant test to guide the separation yielded an active fraction containing the flavonoid, galangin, and the stilbene, pinosylvin, which appear to act in concert to deter leafroller feeding. The discovery of the phytoalexin, pinosylvin, in the leaves, raises the possibility that Nothofagus in general, and N. alessandri in particular, may have induced chemical defense mechanisms.     

The Complete Mitochondrial Genome of Mindarus keteleerifoliae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Comparison with Other Aphididae Insects

The mitogenome of Mindarus keteleerifoliae Zhang (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is a 15,199 bp circular molecule. The gene order and orientation of M. keteleerifoliae is similarly arranged to that of the ancestral insect of other aphid mitogenomes, and, a tRNA isomerism event maybe identified in the mitogenome of M. keteleerifoliae. The tRNA-Trp gene is coded in the J-strand and the same sequence in the N-strand codes for the tRNA-Ser gene. A similar phenomenon was also found in the mitogenome of Eriosoma lanigerum. However, whether tRNA isomers in aphids exist requires further study. Phylogenetic analyses, using all available protein-coding genes, support Mindarinae as the basal position of Aphididae. Two tribes of Aphidinae were recovered with high statistical significance. Characteristics of the M. keteleerifoliae mitogenome revealed distinct mitogenome structures and provided abundant phylogenetic signals, thus advancing our understanding of insect mitogenomic architecture and evolution. But, because only eight complete aphid mitogenomes, including M. keteleerifoliae, were published, future studies with larger taxon sampling sizes are necessary.     

沙蚕硫甲磷对小麦蚜虫的毒力及药效

生测结果显示沙蚕硫甲磷对小麦禾缢管蚜的致死中浓度ＬＣ５０值为１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ。田间药效试验结果表明沙蚕硫甲磷２７０ｇ／ｈｍ＾２对小麦穗期禾缢管蚜药后５天、７天的防效均为９８％以上。     

Activity of drimane antifeedants and related compounds against aphids,and comparative biological effects and chemical reactivity of (−)- and (+)-polygodial

A series of natural drimanes and related synthetic compounds was tested for antifeedant activity against aphids. Polygodial and warburganal were the most active. The synthetic compounds methyl 9-hydroxydrimenoate and 9-hydroxydrimenal, although active against lepidopteran larvae, were inactive against aphids. Natural (–)-polygodial and the synthetic (+) isomer showed similar levels of activity as aphid antifeedants and in phytotoxicity, fish toxicity, and human taste tests, but reacted at different rates with enantiomers of 1-phenylethylamine.     

甘蔗绵蚜综合防治研究进展

甘蔗是重要的经济作物和糖料作物,甘蔗绵蚜是甘蔗生产上最严重的害虫之一。在明确绵蚜为害规律、生物生态学特性以及影响因素的基础上,总结了各种防治措施的应用概况及其发展前景,为绵蚜的综合管理提供新思维。