Rational Designs for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries with Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratio

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are considered a promising next-generation energy storage device owing to their high theoretical energy density. However, their overall performance is limited by several critical issues such as lithium polysulfide (PS) shuttles, low sulfur utilization, and unstable Li metal anodes. Despite recent huge progress, the electrolyte/sulfur ratio (E/S) used is usually very high (≥20 µL mg⁻¹), which greatly reduces the practical energy density of devices. To push forward LSBs from the lab to the industry, considerable attention is devoted to reducing E/S while ensuring the electrochemical performance. To date, however, few reviews have comprehensively elucidated the possible strategies to achieve that purpose. In this review, recent advances in low E/S cathodes and anodes based on the issues resulting from low E/S and the corresponding solutions are summarized. These will be beneficial for a systematic understanding of the rational design ideas and research trends of low E/S LSBs. In particular, three strategies are proposed for cathodes: preventing PS formation/aggregation to avoid inadequate dissolution, designing multifunctional macroporous networks to address incomplete infiltration, and utilizing an imprison strategy to relieve the adsorption dependence on specific surface area. Finally, the challenges and future prospects for low E/S LSBs are discussed.     

由对硝基苯甲醚制备对氨基苯甲醚的工艺研究

以硫磺和氢氧化钠为原料,制备多硫化钠,然后用多硫化钠还原对硝基苯甲醚合成对氨基苯甲醚。第一步反应在90℃下回流1h,硫磺的转化率可达100%;第二步反应在110℃下回流8h,对氨基苯甲醚的收率为96%,纯度为99%,副产品硫代硫酸钠的收率为92%,纯度为98%。     

Modification of polysulfide sealant with polysulfide polythio‐urethane‐urea

With a small amount of isocyanate‐terminated polysulfide (NCO‐PSF‐NCO) as additive, the commercial polysulfide‐based sealant had significant improvement in mechanical properties. The test results showed that 5% of NCO‐PSF‐NCO could help to rise 50% in the tensile strength and 27% in the ultimate elongation of the polysulfide sealant. The adhesive strength to substrates such as steel, epoxy‐coated or polyurethane‐coated surface also increased significantly. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that formed polysulfide polythio‐urethane‐urea (polysulfide‐urea) contributed to a slight increase in the T_g of the polysulfide sealant. It might be due to the domains of polysulfide‐urea, which had effects of physical crosslinking and chain‐extending on the polysulfide sealant. However, the introduction of polysulfide‐urea structures had no appreciable influence on oil resistance of the polysulfide sealant. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007     

高效率多硫化钠/溴储能电池的研究

采用高温还原的方法制备了多硫化钠/溴储能电池负极用Ni/C催化剂,Ni/C、Pt/C分别是多硫化钠/溴储能电池负极和正极性能良好的电催化剂。系统地研究了Nafion膜的厚度、电催化剂含量、操作条件对电池充放电性能的影响。采用较厚的膜,电池性能稍微降低,但可减少阴离子的渗透。这种新型储能电池放电时功率密度达到0 7W/cm2(U=1 0V)。循环性能研究表明:采用较厚的膜,电池的充放电性能好,性能衰减很小,在100mA/cm2充放电,电压效率达到86 7%。     

The effect of epoxy resin to reduce the compression set of polysulfide sealant

In this article, modified polysulfide sealants with lower compression set were prepared by a simple method of introducing the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A resin (DGEBA epoxy resin) into sealants. The investigation on reactivity analysis and gel faction test verified that the incorporation of epoxy resin in sealants was just a blending process rather than copolyaddition with polysulfide resin. Stress–strain behavior during compression revealed that the epoxy resin could reduce the compression stress when the sealants were loaded to a certain strain, which effectively lessened crosslink breakages and benefited to compression resistance. Also the rigid phenyl structure in epoxy resin may retard incidental slide between polysulfide chains and prevent interchange reactions between disulfide linkages. The incorporation of 2 phr epoxy resin distinctly reduced compression set of polysulfide sealant from 28.3% to 11.2% after compressed 25% at 23°C for 1 day. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Characterization of synthesized poly(aryldisulfide) through interfacial polymerization using phase-transfer catalyst

A new polysulfide polymer was synthesized from 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)-benzene and sodium disulfide by an interfacial polycondensation technique in the presence of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide, methyltributyl ammonium chloride and benzyl triethyl ammonium chloride as phase-transfer catalysts (PTC). The effect of PTC on the kinetics of polymerization was investigated. Structures of this aromatic polysulfide were confirmed through elemental analyses, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, an X-ray diffraction technique, and a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy method. The thermal behavior of this polymer was also characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The solubility of prepared polymer was critically dependent on the identity of the solvent.     

黏土矿物纳米材料在锂电池隔膜和固态电解质中的应用研究进展

锂离子电池已被广泛应用于便携式电子设备、电动汽车和电网等领域,深刻地影响着人们的日常生活。但是受限于其低的能量密度、安全性等问题,需开发稳定、高效的电化学存储材料。黏土矿物因其独特的纳米结构、丰富的活性位点、高的比表面积、丰富的储量和低成本等优点,在锂二次电池领域有着广阔的应用前景。本文首先介绍了黏土矿物纳米材料的分类、结构和化学组成等。然后,综述了黏土矿物纳米材料在锂二次电池隔膜和固态电解质隔膜方面的应用研究进展。最后,总结了黏土矿物在电化学储能领域的优势和不足,并展望了其未来发展趋势。     

不同硫化体系天然橡胶硫化胶的机械力-化学再生及性能

研究了普通硫黄硫化体系(CV)、半有效硫化体系(SEV)和有效硫化体系(EV)硫化天然橡胶(NR)的机械力-化学再生,采用化学探针试剂法分析了3种硫化体系NR硫化胶及其再生硫化胶的交联键类型及其分布,考察了再生胶的硫化特性、力学性能、动态力学性能,并用傅里叶变换红外光谱对其结构进行了分析。结果表明,EV硫化体系NR的硫化时间最短,CV硫化体系最长。CV硫化体系硫化胶的多硫键含量最高,EV硫化体系单硫键含量最高,SEV硫化体系介于两者之间;在NR进行机械力-化学再生过程中,交联键的破坏以键能较低的多硫键为主。CV硫化体系NR再生硫化胶的再生效果好,力学性能佳,储能模量低,损耗因子高。     

温度对巯基封端液态聚硫橡胶结构的影响

利用凝胶渗透色谱和核磁共振波谱分析,通过研究聚硫橡胶在温度变化时分子结构发生的变化,推断出温度变化时聚硫橡胶链交换反应模式。     

硫化剂原料及配方对聚硫密封剂硫化性能的影响

研究了聚硫密封剂硫化剂配方中不同原材料和用量对密封剂适用期、不粘期和标准硫化期的影响。结果表明,不同的二氧化锰和促进剂对密封剂性能的影响亦不同。随着促进剂用量的增加密封剂适用期、不粘期和标准硫化期均表现不同程度的降低。硫化抑制剂中硬脂酸和油酸效果相当,随着硬脂酸、油酸含量的增加,密封剂的不粘期和标准硫化期显著延长,需控制硫化抑制剂用量在合理范围内。