Fluctuating NMDA Receptor Subunit Levels in Perirhinal Cortex Relate to Their Dynamic Roles in Object Memory Destabilization and Reconsolidation

Reminder cues can destabilize consolidated memories, rendering them modifiable before they return to a stable state through the process of reconsolidation. Older and stronger memories resist this process and require the presentation of reminders along with salient novel information in order to destabilize. Previously, we demonstrated in rats that novelty-induced object memory destabilization requires acetylcholine (ACh) activity at M₁ muscarinic receptors. Other research predominantly has focused on glutamate, which modulates fear memory destabilization and reconsolidation through GluN2B- and GluN2A-containing NMDARs, respectively. In the current study, we demonstrate the same dissociable roles of GluN2B- and N2A-containing NMDARs in perirhinal cortex (PRh) for object memory destabilization and reconsolidation when boundary conditions are absent. However, neither GluN2 receptor subtype was required for novelty-induced destabilization of remote, resistant memories. Furthermore, GluN2B and GluN2A subunit proteins were upregulated selectively in PRh 24 h after learning, but returned to baseline by 48 h, suggesting that NMDARs, unlike muscarinic receptors, have only a temporary role in object memory destabilization. Indeed, activation of M₁ receptors in PRh at the time of reactivation effectively destabilized remote memories despite inhibition of GluN2B-containing NMDARs. These findings suggest that cholinergic activity at M₁ receptors overrides boundary conditions to destabilize resistant memories when other established mechanisms are insufficient.     

砂土液化后再固结体变规律表征与离心模型试验验证

针对一定相对密度的饱和砂土,首先开展单元体K₀固结试验和振动液化试验研究,发现饱和砂土液化后体变规律受再沉积和再固结两种机制制约：其中再沉积部分与所受振动历史密切相关,尤其是液化触发后的应变历史,土骨架累积剪应变比越大、再沉积体变越大;而再固结部分受先期固结历史和循环振动历史影响显著,再固结曲线会沿原有正常固结曲线趋势发展,其稳定段再压缩指数比相同条件下的正常固结曲线的压缩指数稍大。据此提出了考虑先期固结和振动历史的砂土液化后体变模型和简化算法,将再沉积和再固结两者统一表达成再固结体变,并建议了再固结压缩指数和假设起始应力的确定方法。进一步开展了水平场地地震液化离心机模型试验,监测模型固结和振动液化过程的沉降,从模型尺度进一步揭示砂土液化后体变规律,并初步验证了本文模型与简化算法的有效性。     

基于总应力法的静压桩极限承载力时效性研究

考虑天然饱和黏土的应力历史和初始应力各向异性,推导得出了静压沉桩过程和再固结过程中静压桩周土体应力状态的变化规律。在此基础上,根据静压桩承载时桩侧土体应力状态与单剪试验及三轴试验中土体应力状态之间的相关性,基于总应力法推导了天然饱和黏土地层中静压桩时变承载力的解析解,提出了桩侧和桩端承载系数的理论计算方法。采用离心模型试验对本文解答进行验证,研究了沉桩结束后静压桩承载力随再固结时间的变化规律,分析了土体原位力学特性与静压桩承载系数之间的关系。研究结果表明,沉桩结束后静压桩承载力的增长主要是由于桩侧承载力的增长,而且静压桩承载力在沉桩结束后较短时间内增加的幅度较大,随后增长幅度变缓并趋于稳定;土体超固结比和静止侧压力系数越大,沉桩结束后承载力增长速率越快,但桩侧和桩端承载系数均随土体超固结比和静止侧压力系数的增大而减小。     

冲击作用下饱和土性状的试验研究

在三轴条件下,对饱和土(砂土和黏土)进行排水与不排水条件下的冲击试验及冲击后再固结试验,对比研究了不同渗透性土在不同排水条件下的冲击动力响应和冲击后再固结性状。结果表明:饱和黏土不排水冲击时的孔隙水压力随冲击击数增加而升高并逐渐稳定,排水冲击时的孔隙水压力则是先达到峰值然后有所下降; 砂土不排水冲击时的冲击能量对孔隙水压力影响最明显; 饱和砂土不排水冲击时的轴向应变与冲击击数呈近似线性关系,饱和黏土冲击及饱和砂土排水冲击则呈近二次曲线关系; 饱和砂土不排水冲击后再固结阶段的孔隙水压力立即消散为0,同时体变迅速增大到一定值; 饱和黏土在冲击后再固结阶段的孔隙水压力在一定时间内逐渐消散完毕,同时体变逐渐增大; 饱和黏土排水冲击时,冲击阶段产生的体变占冲击引起总体变的39%～49%,冲击后再固结阶段产生的体变占51%～61%; 砂土和黏土的总体变均表现为排水冲击明显大于不排水冲击,改善冲击时的排水条件有利于提高加固效果。     

软粘土地基中挤土桩沉降时效性分析

位于饱和软粘土地基中的挤土桩。由于沉桩过程中地基土产生挤土效应及超静孔隙水压力，同时随着超静孔隙水压力的消散，桩周地基土产生再固结沉降。在研究沉桩过程中超静孔隙水压力的形成及消散规律的基础上，研究了桩周地基土再固结沉降的变化规律；从桩土相互作用的原理出发，研究了在桩周地基土再固结沉降的作用下，工程桩基沉降的计算方法。研究表明：由于桩周地基土的再固结沉降作用，工程桩基产生较大的沉降量，其值远大于垂直荷载作用下的桩基沉降；由于桩周地基土的再固结，桩基沉降随着时间的推移而增长。     

平行顶管施工引起的地面变形实测分析

对海相沉积的欠固结土中水平平行顶管施工引起的地面变形规律进行分析,提出地面横向和纵向扰动区范围及工后沉降的计算方法。研究结果表明,水平平行顶管施工时中间区域受到双重扰动,产生的地面沉降较大。由于先建顶管施工对周围土体产生的扰动会使后建顶管施工时产生的扰动加剧,在同样条件下,后建顶管引起的最大地面沉降值与沉降槽宽度都要大于先建顶管。平行顶管施工产生的地面沉降主要由土体损失、受扰动土体再固结和次固结引起,土体受扰动后产生的超孔隙水压力是导致工后沉降的原因,在欠固结土中工后沉降与时间基本成对数关系。     

Social recognition memory requires protein synthesis after reactivation.

Recent evidence indicates that reactivation of consolidated memories returns them to a protein-synthesis-dependent state called reconsolidation. The hypothesis that memories reconsolidate has never been assessed in social memory. The authors tested whether sheep (Ovis aries) mothers' memory of their lambs undergoes reconsolidation upon reactivation. After 7 days of mother-young contact, ewes were separated from their lambs for 8 hr, after which the lambs were reintroduced to their mothers for a 10-min reactivation session. Before reactivation, mothers received a subcutaneous injection of either the protein-synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide (CY, 1 mg/kg) or vehicle. Mothers' lamb memory was tested 1 hr (short-term memory [STM]) or 16 hr (long-term memory [LTM]) after reactivation. Mothers treated with CY exhibited intact STM but deficient LTM. CY injection without reactivation or before presentation of an alien lamb induced no deficit in LTM. CY-induced LTM deficit was alleviated by (a) introducing a reminder just before the LTM test, (b) extending mother-young contact, and (c) preventing suckling by the familiar lamb during reactivation. Thus, reconsolidation can be shown to exist in social memory, and some of its boundary conditions are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Memory Reconsolidation Hypothesis Revived but Restrained: Theoretical Comment on Biedenkapp and Rudy (2004).

J. C. Biedenkapp and J. W. Rudy (2004; see record 2004-19432-009) reported that the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin administered into the hippocampus after context preexposure or contextual fear conditioning impaired subsequent retention performance. In contrast, anisomycin administered after context memory retrieval did not impair subsequent contextual fear conditioning. Their findings challenge the hypothesis that memory retrieval induces memory reconsolidation and suggest that the hypothesis needs to be constrained to account for negative findings. However, their evidence does not suggest compelling clues to how the hypothesis might be constrained to accommodate the findings. Thus, it is not yet clear whether their findings can be explained by a revised reconsolidation hypothesis, or whether some other hypothesis is required to account for postretrieval memory impairment, when it is observed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

冲击荷载作用下饱和软粘土的一些性状

在己有对饱和软粘土再固结性状研究的基础上，重点讨论饱和软粘土在偏压应力状态下的再固结性状、土性及塑性指数对再固结变形的影响、冲击荷载作用下超固结土的孔压和变形性状、残余孔压与剪应变之间的相互关系及其变化机理、扰动固结问题以及偏压应力状态下地基土沉降和强度计算等问题。     

Effects of ethanol on encoding, consolidation, and expression of extinction following contextual fear conditioning.

Studies of contextual fear conditioning have found that ethanol administered prior to a conditioning session impairs the conditioned freezing response during a test session the next day. The present experiments examined the effects of ethanol on extinction, the loss of conditioned responding that occurs as the animal learns that a previously conditioned context no longer signals shock. Ethanol (1.5 g/kg) administered prior to single (Experiment 1) or multiple (Experiment 2) extinction sessions impaired extinction. Ethanol administered prior to a test session disrupted the expression of freezing after extinction (Experiments 3-5). There was some evidence that ethanol served as an internal stimulus signaling the operation of conditioning or extinction contingencies (Experiments 4-5). In Experiment 6, postsession injections of 1.5 g/kg ethanol had no effect on extinction with brief (3 min) or long (24 min) exposures to the context, but injections of 3 g/kg after long exposures impaired extinction. Together, these results indicate that ethanol affects extinction by acting on multiple learning and performance processes, including attention, memory encoding, and memory expression. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)