山地城市径流污染特征分析

以重庆主城某大学校园为例,对路面、屋面和绿地等3种典型的城市下垫面径流水质进行了监测,指标包括pH、悬浮固体（SS）、化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）等。研究结果表明：除TP外主要污染物质的平均浓度均超过地表水环境Ⅴ类标准,降雨径流SS的平均浓度可高达1.73×103mg/L,COD和NH3-N平均浓度可高达76.25 mg/L和3.67 mg/L;存在显著地初期冲刷效应,混凝土路面的SS、COD、NH3-N的初期径流浓度分别为2.33×103mg/L、106.4 mg/L、5.64 mg/L,初期径流浓度相当于全场降雨径流浓度的2-4倍左右,其最高值出现在产流后10~15 min内。对比3场不同降雨强度下的径流水质,降雨强度越大,径流污染物浓度越高,其中降雨强度对大坡度路面的地表径流污染物浓度影响更大。     

海绵城市建设的径流控制指标探析

城市化引起的诸多水生态、水环境及洪灾问题均与天然水文条件的破坏紧密相关;水文控制指标是海绵城市建设中的关键控制指标。在调研国际城市雨洪管理的演变及目前城市水文控制指标发展趋势的基础上,提出海绵城市建设所必需的水文控制指标体系概念。该体系包括维持河湖湿地基流与地下水补给的入渗控制指标,减少雨洪面源污染的水质控制指标,防止河道侵蚀的水土侵蚀控制指标,以及避免小量级洪涝和减轻极端洪涝灾害的洪水控制指标。在此基础上,分析了我国在海绵城市建设中缺乏完整水文控制指标体系的现状,并提出了我国目前在建立城市雨洪管理水文控制指标工作中亟待开展的工作,为海绵城市建设中合理确定适合各地具体条件的水文控制指标体系提供研究思路与参考。     

生态雨水设施的污染物积累效应及风险研究进展

对植被浅沟、雨水花园及雨水塘3种具有代表性的生态雨水设施应用于径流中有机质、颗粒物、重金属等污染物控制时,污染物在设施内的积累特性进行了归纳总结,分析了设施长期运行时面临的污染风险,提出了这3种生态雨水设施运行管理与维护的建议:植被浅沟运行寿命应结合我国道路雨水径流水质综合确定,超期运行的植被浅沟应对表层5cm种植土进行更换;雨水花园表层介质重金属含量较高时,可更换0~10 cm深度范围内的种植土,为减少表层磷溶出量,可在表层覆盖树皮以加强对磷的吸附;雨水塘中沉积物的清理周期应按功能区分类确定,对于沉积物中多环芳烃含量较高的干塘应酌情增加清理次数。     

An economic input-output analysis for urban stormwater quality planning

A new approach using input-output techniques is proposed for the analysis of urban stormwater pollution caused by urban land development. The input-output model provides projections of sectoral outputs within an urban region. By defining land as an input to production, these output projections may be translated into projections of commercial and industrial land development. Furthermore, the closed version of the input-output model is used to project residential land development as a function of projected wage income. The pollutant generation in urban stormwater is related to the quantity of each category of land development by a pollutant coefficient matrix. Thus, the model can be used to predict the impact of various economic growth scenarios on pollution loadings in runoff water. This will help planners in assessing the environmental costs of various scenarios, and in preparing for remedial actions. A numerical example is provided to illustrate the applications of the model.     

多尺度海绵城市系统雨洪控制研究

雨水的开放性与流动性使城市洪涝灾害的产生具有多尺度特征,海绵城市系统中也存在多种规划建设层级与尺度,且各层级尺度下的规划建设内涵与雨洪控制目标各不相同。本文基于SWMM模型,以位于广州市的三个不同空间尺度区域(局域集水单元、城市汇水区、城区小流域)为研究对象,通过现状解析、海绵改造方案设计与模拟的方式,对不同尺度海绵系统雨洪控制措施的合理设置,以及实现城市排水治涝与海绵城市建设的综合控制目标进行系统性实例研究。研究结果表明：在小尺度海绵系统中应通过微观控制措施实现系统径流、出流要素控制,在中、大尺度海绵系统中应通过兼顾绿色与灰色基础设施、管渠与调蓄设施、源头与终端结合的控制措施,分别实现流量峰值的控制与积水情况的缓解。研究可为海绵城市的统筹规划建设及不同单一尺度区域的海绵城市规划设计与研究提供明晰的参考。     

流域尺度视角下海绵城市建设途径及区域径流控制

随着城市化的快速发展,城市不透水区域面积逐年增加,导致城市洪涝风险加剧、径流污染负荷增加等突出雨水问题,也给流域的水安全及水环境带来严重影响.针对上述问题,近年来基于流域管理的城市雨水管理模式得到快速发展.通过流域尺度城市单元土地开发前后峰值流量和雨水径流污染负荷变化的分析,提出以受纳水体过流能力和水环境自净容量为约束...     

几起城市内涝事故的原因及对策

近年国内城市频频遭受暴雨内涝困扰．尤其城市低洼地区和建筑物地下室更易遭遇水淹。通过列举并分析了几起广州市内典型内涝事故的共同原因．就城市化进程的内涝问题提出了一些治理建议．也可为国内城市的排水规划设计提供借鉴。     

The potential to retrofit sustainable drainage systems to address combined sewer overflow discharges in the Thames Tideway catchment

Experience of retrofitting sustainable drainage systems (SuDS) in the United Kingdom is limited, and there are no well‐established procedures for evaluating the feasibility, value or cost‐effectiveness of doing this, particularly at the catchment scale. This paper demonstrates a two‐phase process for evaluating the potential to retrofit SuDS to address combined sewer discharges in three subcatchments within the Thames Tideway catchment of London. The first phase evaluates what might be achieved with various levels of disconnection (‘global’ disconnection scenarios) using hydraulic models, while the second phase considers how disconnection might practically be achieved. High levels of disconnection are technically possible but practicably difficult. In selected cases, and with aggressive implementation of SuDS, combined sewer overflow CSO discharges could potentially be eliminated or reduced to acceptable levels without the need for any modifications to underground assets. However, retrofit SuDS could not eliminate the requirement for some form of sewer modification in any subcatchments.     

Pollutant concentrations and fluxes in both stormwater and wastewater at the outlet of two urban watersheds in Nantes (France)

A two-year study of pollutants in both the stormwater and wastewater of urban watersheds has been conducted in Nantes (France). The present paper discusses the characteristics of pollutants transported by stormwater and wastewater collection networks in two urban watersheds. A physicochemical characterisation of the effluents was performed, along with an estimation of pollutant fluxes discharged into the Gohards River. Suspended solids (SS), trace metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and pesticides were studied. SS, Zn, Cu and glyphosate were the main pollutants in stormwater and wastewater. In the watersheds examined, the pyrolitic origin of PAHs (mainly from traffic) was determined through ratios, with fluoranthene and pyrene being predominant. Despite a reduction in the use of pesticides in Nantes Metropolitan area, herbicides containing glyphosate were still detected in stormwater. It should be noted that this herbicide is widely used by homeowners, a fact that may explain its occurrence in stormwater.     

降雨径流中玉米芯营养素淋出及吸附特性

为评估玉米芯作为生物滞留设施中填料土添加剂的可行性,通过理化性质测试、摇床淋出试验、等温吸附试验,与现有添加剂柳木屑、陶粒、稻壳生物炭进行对比,研究玉米芯的理化性质和营养素的淋出及吸附特性。结果表明：玉米芯轻质多孔,具有较大的比表面积和阳离子交换量,其氮磷含量低,有丰富的含氧官能团;以玉米芯作为添加剂,在去离子水的淋洗作用下,氮磷营养素淋出量低、淋出速度快,在降雨径流中氮磷营养素淋出量降低,淋出速度减缓;在营养素质量浓度为2 mg/L的典型降雨径流中,玉米芯可吸附25 mg/kg的NH⁺₄和79 mg/kg的PO■,相较于其他材料,玉米芯吸附效果突出。玉米芯可作为填料土添加剂用于生物滞留设施中,施用玉米芯可降低填料土营养素淋出风险,提升生物滞留设施对降雨径流中污染物的吸附和去除效果。