联唑类含能化合物及其含能离子盐研究进展

联唑类含能化合物及其含能离子盐是近年发展起来的一类新型含能材料,具有高氮含量、高生成焓、高爆轰性能和相对钝感等特性,在新型炸药、低特征信号推进剂、气体发生剂、低烟或无烟烟火等领域有着广泛的应用前景。综述了有关联-1,2,4-三唑、联四唑和5-(1,2,4-三唑)四唑等联唑类含能化合物及其含能离子盐的最新合成研究成果,并对部分化合物的物化性能进行了阐述。认为下一步的工作重点为研究富氮阳离子的引入对联唑类含能化合物感度和爆轰性能的影响,合成出综合性能更好的联唑类含能化合物。设计了9种新型联唑类含能化合物,并利用量子化学方法对其性能进行预估。     

4-氨基-1，2，4-三唑-5-酮的制备和快速热分解过程研究

报道了4－氨基－1,2,4－三唑－5－酮（ATO）的制备方法,通过DSC热分析研究了其常规热分解,通过采用T-jump/FT-IR技术对ATO的快速热分解过程进行了研究,提出了其主要气相产物的浓度变化曲线。     

外源抗氧化剂7-(4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑-5-)硫乙氧基黄酮及其意外乙酰化产物的合成

7-溴乙氧基黄酮与3-取代-4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑-5-硫醇类化合物缩合反应得到7-(4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑-5-)硫乙氧基黄酮,为了增加其脂溶性,将该类化合物进一步与乙酸酐回流反应12 h,得到的化合物不是预期的7-(3-取代-4-乙酰氨基-1,2,4-三唑-5-)硫乙氧基黄酮衍生物,而是7-[3-取代-4-(2-乙酰氧基)-乙亚氨基-1,2,4-三唑-5-]硫乙氧基黄酮,分别用红外、核磁共振氢谱及碳谱、质谱和元素分析对这4个乙酰化产物的结构进行了确证。以清除超氧自由基、羟自由基、亚硝基自由基和2,2-二苯基-1-苦味酰基自由基的活性及总还原能力为指标,测定比较了4个7-(3-取代-4-氨基-1,2,4-三唑-5-)硫乙氧基黄酮化合物及其意外乙酰化产物的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明,在测定浓度下,乙酰化衍生物7-[3-对甲氧苯基-4-(2-乙酰氧基)-乙亚氨基-1,2,4-三唑-5-]硫乙氧基黄酮较其前体抗氧化活性强。     

5-乙基-4-(2-苯氧乙基)-1,2,4-三唑-3-酮的合成

以苯酚、氯乙腈经Williamson醚化、还原胺化、胺甲酰化形成 2 苯氧乙胺基甲酸乙酯 ,再与丙酰肼反应合成 5 乙基 4 ( 2 苯氧乙基 ) 1 ,2 ,4 三唑 3 酮 ,通过实验考察 ,给出了适宜反应条件。     

Estimating Ambient Vapor Pressures of Low Volatility Explosives by Rising‐Temperature Thermogravimetry

Vapor pressure is a fundamental physical characteristic of chemicals. Some solids have very low vapor pressures. Nevertheless numerous chemical detection instruments aim to detect vapors. Herein we address issues with explosive detection and use thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to estimate vapor pressures. Benzoic acid, whose vapor pressure is well characterized, was used to calculate instrumental parameters related to sublimation rate. Once calibrated, the rate of mass loss from TGA measurements was used to obtain vapor pressures of the 12 explosives at elevated temperature: explosive salts – guanidine nitrate (GN); urea nitrate (UN); ammonium nitrate (AN); as well as mono‐molecular explosives – hexanitrostilbene (HNS); cyclotetramethylene‐tetranitramine (HMX), 4,10‐dinitro‐2,6,8,12‐tetraoxa‐4,10‐diaza‐tetracyclododecane (TEX), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO), 1,3,3‐trinitroazeditine (TNAZ), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and diacetone diperoxide (DADP). Ambient temperature vapor pressures were estimated by extrapolation of Clausius‐Clapeyron plots (i.e. ln p vs. 1/T). With this information potential detection limits can be assessed.     

2-(4-氨基苯基)-6-叔丁基-1H-吡唑[1,5-b][1,2,4]三唑的合成工艺改进

介绍了在碱催化条件下以对硝基苯甲腈为起始原料,醇解生成对硝基苯甲亚胺酸甲酯,继而氨化、肟化一锅反应,并采用氢化还原的方法最终合成2-(4-氨基苯基)-6-叔丁基-1H-吡唑[1,5-b][1,2,4]三唑,总收率达68.6%。     

硫脲类三唑衍生物结构与活性的密度泛函理论研究

硫脲类三唑衍生物类化合物在农药创新中占有重要地位,为了揭示其结构与活性之间的关系,为新型杀菌剂的制备和筛选提供理论依据,本研究运用Gaussian 03程序,运用密度泛函理论(DFT)B3LYP方法在6-311G的基组水平上对6种甲酰基硫脲三唑衍生物进行研究, 对这6种化合物的几何构型进行了优化,得到其优化几何、原子净电荷以及分子轨道能量参数。根据优化结果分析了6种化合物的结构特点以及结构和活性之间的关系。计算了6种化合物的红外光谱数据,与实验数据吻合良好。分析结果表明:S(9)原子在化合物的杀菌活性中所起的作用最大,S(9)原子上的电荷越多,化合物的活性越高。     

Thermal Decomposition of NTO: An Explanation of the High Activation Energy

Burning rate characteristics of the low‐sensitivity explosive 5‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one (NTO) have been investigated in the pressure interval of 0.1–40 MPa. The temperature distribution in the combustion wave of NTO has been measured at pressures of 0.4–2.1 MPa. Based on burning rate and thermocouple measurements, rate constants of NTO decomposition in the molten layer at 370–425 °C have been derived from a condensed‐phase combustion model (k=8.08⋅10¹³⋅exp(−19420/T) s⁻¹. NTO vapor pressure above the liquid (ln P=−9914.4/T+14.82) and solid phases (ln P=−12984.4/T+20.48) has been calculated. Decomposition rates of NTO at low temperatures have been defined more exactly and it has been shown that in the interval of 180–230 °C the decomposition of solid NTO is described by the following expression: k=2.9⋅10¹²⋅exp(−20680/T). Taking into account the vapor pressure data obtained, the decomposition of NTO in the gas phase at 240–250 °C has been studied. Decomposition rate constants in the gaseous phase have been found to be comparable with rate constants in the solid state. Therefore, a partial decomposition in the gas cannot substantially increase the total rate. High values of the activation energy for solid‐state decomposition of NTO are not likely to be connected with a sub‐melting effect, because decomposition occurs at temperatures well below the melting point. It has been suggested that the abnormally high activation energy in the interval of 230–270 °C is a consequence of peculiarities of the NTO transitional process rather than strong bonds in the molecule. In this area, the NTO molecule undergoes isomerization into the aci‐form, followed by C3‐N2 heterocyclic bond rupture. Both processes depend on temperature, resulting in an abnormally high value of the observed activation energy.     

唑类杂环化合物及其配合物的研究概述

论述了三唑酮类及氨基四唑化合物的分子结构特点、制备方法及其在含能材料中应用,讨论了三唑酮类、氨基四唑化合物及其配合物在有材料领域的应用前景。     

Non‐Isothermal Kinetic Study of the Thermal Decomposition of Melamine 3‐Nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one Salt

Study on thermal behavior of 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one (NTO) salts was required to obtain important data for application purposes. These compounds have been shown to be useful intermediates for gun propellant ingredients, high energetic ballistic modifiers for solid propellants and other potential applications. In this paper, thermal decomposition and non‐isothermal kinetics of melamine 3‐nitro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐5‐one salt (MNTO) were studied under non‐isothermal conditions by DSC and TG methods. The kinetic parameters were obtained from analysis of the DSC and TG curves by Kissinger and Ozawa methods. The critical temperature of thermal explosion (T_b) was 574 K. The results show that MNTO is thermally more stable than NTO when compared in terms of the critical temperature of thermal explosion. Finally, the values of ΔS^#, ΔH^#, and ΔG^# of its decomposition reaction were calculated.