2,4,6-三硝基苯甲酸的合成工艺改进

对TNT(2，4，6-三硝基甲苯)氧化制备2，4，6-三硝基苯甲酸的工艺进行了深入的研究，结果表明氧化剂的种类、用量、加料方式及溶剂的种类对产物的收率有较大影响。TNT的较佳氧化工艺条件为：氧化20gTNT，以摩尔比为4：1的HNO3和HCI混合液作为溶剂，采用液体加料方式加入氧化剂KClO4 40g，2，4，6-三硝基苯甲酸的收率最高达96％。     

结晶梯恩梯生产工艺的研究

讨论了结晶梯恩梯的制造工艺、六硝基芪用量、络合物的形成与稳定性，以及六硝基芪质量等影响结晶梯恩梯质量的因素。     

水溶液中痕量三硝基甲苯爆炸物的检测方法

目前工业上和军事上广泛使用的三硝基甲苯(TNT)类爆炸物,是一类高度有毒致癌物,若从土壤渗透到地下水中,则会危及人们的健康。检测硝基苯类爆炸物的方法有色谱质谱法,比色法,荧光猝灭法,荧光共振能量转移法,电化学法,表面等离子共振法。本文综述了近年来痕量爆炸物的检测研究进展,并分析了其应用前景,并对各种方法的检测原理进行了论述。     

Templated Crosslinked Imidazolyl Acrylate for Electronic Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosives

A low‐voltage operable, highly sensitive, and selectively responsive polymer for the detection of nitroaromatic explosives is investigated. Resistive devices are fabricated by simple spin‐coating on flexible and transparent substrates in addition to silicon substrates and are stable under ambient temperature and oxygen levels before exposure to the nitroaromatics. After exposure to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), the devices show increased conductance, even with picogram (pg) quantities of TNT, accompanied by a confirming color change from colorless to deep red. The relative conductance increase per unit exposure is the highest yet reported for TNT. Aromatic anion salts, on the other hand, do not induce any electronic responses. ¹H NMR and microscopic analyses show chemical interactions and morphological changes correlated with the electronic responses, some of which are specific to TNT in relation to other nitroaromatics. The binding constant for the imidazole rings and TNT is on the order of tens of M ^?1. The materials are promising for rapid indication of exposure to nitroaromatic compounds.     

超重力法臭氧处理三硝基甲苯碱性废水传质模型

在前期试验研究的基础上建立了超重机中硫酸水溶液物理吸收臭氧的体积传质模型和三硝基甲苯(TNT)碱性废水化学吸收臭氧的体积传质模型。模型计算表明:硫酸水溶液物理吸收臭氧的体积传质系数为0.0191 s-1;臭氧氧化TNT碱性废水的体积传质系数在反应初始达到0.258 s-1,臭氧利用率达到93%,远高于鼓泡塔中臭氧氧化硝基苯类化合物的化学体积传质系数(0.005 88—0.017 s-1),模型的建立为以后的工业放大提供了理论依据。     

The High Temperature Treatment of Trinitrotoluene (TNT) and Cyclotrimethylene-Trinitramine (RDX) with Ozone and Ultrasound

This paper summarizes the results of research on the treatment of synthetically prepared aqueous solutions of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and cyclotrimethylene–trinitramine (RDX) in the weight ratio 70%/30% representing a typical munitions wastewater, by a combination of ozone and ultrasound. A parametric study investigated the relationship among the variables: (1) initial solution pH (5.84 → 10.0); (2) ultrasound power level (5 → 50 watts at 852.0 to 863.0 kHz);(3) ultrasound frequency level (60.6 → 1,007.0 kHz); (4) solution concentration (70/30 mg/l TNT/RDX solutions volumetrically diluted with distilled water in the ratios 1/0, 1/1, 1/3); (5) reaction temperature (25 → 59°C). Removal rates of both TNT and TOC increased directly with increases in reaction temperature and initial solution pH. Likewise, increased sound power level produced enhanced system kinetic responses; however, these were attributed to reaction mass temperature increases. Ultrasound was found to inhibit reaction kinetics at high temperatures and pH because it promoted radical–radical extinguishment reaction.     

Removal of nitro aromatic compounds and sulfite acid from distillate of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene red water using modified porous polystyrene microspheres

To remove the nitro aromatic compounds (NACs) and SO₃^2? from distillate of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) red water, the carboxylated and aminated polystyrene (PSt) microspheres were used as adsorbents. GC‐MS and HPLC analysis were used to determine the types and concentrations of NACs before and after adsorption. The carboxylated PSt, which was prepared by modifying PSt with phthlandione (PA), could remove the neutral NACs including 2,6‐dinitrotoluene (2,6‐DNT), 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (2,4‐DNT), 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (1,3,5‐TNB), and 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (2,4,6‐TNT), with the acid 2,4‐dinitrophenol (2,4‐DNP) and SO₃^2? remained in the distillate. The aminated PSt that was synthesized by activating PSt with chloroacetyl chloride follow by reaction with 1,2‐ethanediamine (EDA) could remove all the NACs and SO₃^2?. The results suggested that EDA‐PSt adsorbed the NACs though multimode interactions, i.e., hydrogen bond and electrostatic attraction. After adsorption using EDA‐PSt, chemical oxygen demand (COD) was reduced from 86.1 to 11.2 mg L^?1, and a colorless, transparent, and nontoxic solution with neutral pH value was obtained. Five grams of EDA‐PSt could purify 1600 cm³ of distillate of TNT red water, and the adsorbents could be recycled by elution with methanol to desorb the neutral NACs followed by elution with 0.1 mol L^?1 NaOH to wash off 2,4‐DNP and SO₃^2?. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013     

间苯三酚的合成及表征

以三硝基甲苯(TNT)为原料,经过氧化、催化氢化、水解等步骤合成间苯三酚。并通过红外、核磁对它的结构进行了确证。考察了氧化剂以及用量、催化剂用量、溶剂、反应温度等对合成间苯三酚的影响。较佳工艺条件:HNO3-KC lO3为氧化剂,氧化剂用量与TNT用量比为2∶1。水-丙酮为催化氢化溶剂,催化剂用量约为反应物的8%,控制温度在60℃,反应2.5 h。水解pH=3~4,反应16~20 h。总收率达到60%,纯度达到98%。     

污泥基吸附剂吸附三硝基甲苯红水的研究

利用由磷酸-微波法处理剩余活性污泥制得吸附剂,研究了它对三硝基甲苯红水的吸附性能,考察了废水pH值、吸附时间、吸附剂投加量对吸附效果的影响,实验结果表明,该吸附剂2个最佳pH值范围为4左右和9左右,吸附平衡时间为60min;当吸附剂的投加量为8%时,其CODCr去除率达到了85.7%。     

一种降低铵梯炸药吸湿性的新技术

粉状铵锑炸药吸湿性很强，且吸湿后易结块，使爆轰感度降低，从而导致起爆困难甚至拒爆，研究采用粗制TNT代替粉状铵梯炸药中的军品TNT，用多孔粒状硝酸铵代替粉状硝酸铵，可使铵梯炸药的吸湿量下降17%左右。