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1.
In an organization operating in the bancassurance sector we identified a low-risk IT subportfolio of 84 IT projects comprising together 16,500 function points, each project varying in size and duration, for which we were able to quantify its requirements volatility. This representative portfolio stems from a much larger portfolio of IT projects. We calculated the volatility from the function point countings that were available to us. These figures were aggregated into a requirements volatility benchmark. We found that maximum requirements volatility rates depend on size and duration, which refutes currently known industrial averages. For instance, a monthly growth rate of 5% is considered a critical failure factor, but in our low-risk portfolio we found more than 21% of successful projects with a volatility larger than 5%. We proposed a mathematical model taking size and duration into account that provides a maximum healthy volatility rate that is more in line with the reality of low-risk IT portfolios. Based on the model, we proposed a tolerance factor expressing the maximal volatility tolerance for a project or portfolio. For a low-risk portfolio its empirically found tolerance is apparently acceptable, and values exceeding this tolerance are used to trigger IT decision makers. We derived two volatility ratios from this model, the π-ratio and the ρ-ratio. These ratios express how close the volatility of a project has approached the danger zone when requirements volatility reaches a critical failure rate. The volatility data of a governmental IT portfolio were juxtaposed to our bancassurance benchmark, immediately exposing a problematic project, which was corroborated by its actual failure. When function points are less common, e.g. in the embedded industry, we used daily source code size measures and illustrated how to govern the volatility of a software product line of a hardware manufacturer. With the three real-world portfolios we illustrated that our results serve the purpose of an early warning system for projects that are bound to fail due to excessive volatility. Moreover, we developed essential requirements volatility metrics that belong on an IT governance dashboard and presented such a volatility dashboard. 相似文献
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传统的π/4四相相对相移键控(π/4-DQPSK)调制器多采用模拟元件构建系统,易受环境因素影响、灵活性也较差。因此需要设计一个以数字信号处理为核心,开放性、灵活性较强的系统。系统采用软件无线电设计方法,在现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)上实现时输入码率1Mbps、中频为2MHz的π/4-DQPSK调制。结果表明,该方法可产生正确的调制波形。系统模块多用IP软核实现,易于修改和实现。 相似文献
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802.11MAC层的切换过程是其协议的一个重要组成部分,它影响着网络的动态拓扑结构。利用π演算理论来进行分析,可以严格而规范地描述其切换过程。在本文中,首先建立了切换的π演算模型。然后通过推导,证明了模型的一致性。这将为802.11MAC层的研究提供一定的 参考和分析价值。 相似文献
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By using the π-conjugated phthalocyanine macrocycle as the versatile building block, a series of five sandwich-type ethylthio substituted phthalocyaninato europium complexes, namely double-decker Eu[Pc(SC2H5)8]2 (Pc-1), triple-decker Eu2[Pc(SC2H5)8]3 (Pc-2), and their corresponding dimers, [Pc(SC2H5)8]2Eu2[BiPc(SC2H5)12] (Pc-1@Pc-1), [Pc(SC2H5)8]3Eu3[BiPc(SC2H5)12] (Pc-1@Pc-2) and [Pc(SC2H5)8]4Eu4[BiPc(SC2H5)12] (Pc-2@Pc-2), are synthesized and prepared into the solution-processed films by a simple quasi-Langmuir-Shäfer (QLS) method. Combination between the extending π-conjugated system in the longitudinal and transverse directions of Pc macrocycles and/or radical nature of Pc-1 unit among different semiconducting molecules result in unusually small energy gaps (0.345–0.91 eV). Consequently, all of the semiconductors exhibit excellent conductivities. Among these materials, the conductivity for the radical species Pc-1@Pc-1, Pc-1@Pc-2 and Pc-1 is about 3–4 times larger than that for the non-radical compounds Pc-2@Pc-2 and Pc-2. Moreover, the QLS films of five semiconductors take excellent linear responses for both oxidizing NO2 (100–300 ppb) and reducing NH3 (4–8.6 ppm). Respectively, the sensitivity (in % ppm−1) gets increased in the order of Pc-1 < Pc-2 < Pc-1@Pc-1 < Pc-1@Pc-2 < Pc-2@Pc-2 for NO2, and Pc-1@Pc-2 < Pc-1 < Pc-1@Pc-1 < Pc-2@Pc-2 < Pc-2 for NH3. Depending on the highly extended π-conjugated systems, Pc-2@Pc-2 and Pc-2 films achieve the highest sensitivity of 208.2% ppm−1 and 0.97% ppm−1 to NO2 and NH3, respectively. In addition, with a less than 2 min response time within a limit of detection at 10 ppb for NO2 and 0.48 ppm for NH3, good reproducibility and selectivity have been revealed for the Pc-2@Pc-2 and Pc-2 films among the best gas sensors obtained so far for all the solution-processed films based on organic semiconductors in dry air at room temperature. More importantly, it is firstly demonstrated that the high NO2 sensing is resulted from low Oxd1, and high NH3 sensing is resulted from high Red1 among the sandwich Pc-based semiconductors. 相似文献
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A series of novel D-π-A type organic dyes with different π-linker are theoretically designed and investigated for their potential applications in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). We mainly focused on the influence of the extension of π-linker on the overall efficiency. The discussions are classified into two aspects: one is the isolated dyes and the other is the dye-TiO2 system. The calculated results indicate that the isolated dyes THI-2T-C, THI-4T-3C, and THI-6T-5C have the better overall efficiency. Further, the THI-4T-3C and THI-5T-4C have the acceptable performance if the dye-TiO2 system is considered. Combination of the isolated and the adsorbed systems, the THI-4T-3C with the moderate π-linker is considered to be more suitable choice for thieno[2,3-b]indole-based dyes rather than the longest π-linker. 相似文献
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An electronically conductive polyelectrolyte is prepared by the sequential polymerization of a bifunctional imidazolium-based ionic liquid (IL) monomer, composed of a thienyl and vinyl containing cation paired with a tetrafluoroborate anion. In the first step, potentiodynamic electropolymerization of the thienyl moiety forms a cationic polyalkylthiophene that is soluble in select organic solvents. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to determine the polymer p-doping potential (0.31 V) and the bipolaronic state (1.49 V). The polymer exhibits electrochromism, converting from red in the neutral state (λmax = 443 nm) to dark blue in the polaronic state (λmax = 819 nm). The solution-processable polymer can be cast into a film, masked and patterned by UV-initiated free radical polymerization of the vinyl moiety. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) revealed that the insoluble crosslinked polyalkylthiophene–polyvinylimidazolium adopts a lamellar structure with a lattice spacing of 3.3 nm. Four-probe d.c. conductivity measurements determined the de-doped electrical conductivity was 1.0 × 10−2 S/cm. The results underscore the importance of the anion in controlling the polymerization of IL monomers. 相似文献
9.
对交流滤波器用避雷器开展准确的过电压仿真计算是其绝缘设计及稳定运行的基础。本文采用逐渐细化模型的建模方式,开展了滤波器投入和交流母线接地故障工况下的建模及仿真计算,分析了交流滤波器杂散参数、交流滤波器场内外线路的π型等效电路和交流滤波器保护策略中3种建模因素对交流滤波器用避雷器过电压仿真结果的影响。仿真结果表明:在上述工况下,考虑3种参数后与考虑前相比,避雷器过电压变化-4%~25%,电流下降36.2%~62%,吸收能量上升16%~214%,因此若在绝缘设计中不考虑上述因素,避雷器电压电流设计值将产生较大偏差,能量设计值会偏小,影响交流滤波器正常运行。 相似文献
10.
研究了双亲性聚合物作为调理剂成分在无硅油护发素中的应用。以溶液自由基聚合法合成了双亲性无规聚合物聚(苯乙烯-co-丙烯酸)。利用阳离子表面活性剂山嵛基三甲基氯化铵与聚合物之间的阳离子-π电子作用,将双亲性无规共聚物聚(苯乙烯-co-丙烯酸)吸附到头发表面起到顺滑作用。通过调节聚合物中苯环与山嵛基三甲基氯化铵的摩尔比、山嵛基三甲基氯化铵的浓度以及使用量,制备具有优异梳理性能的护发素,对护发素效果进行评价,并与含硅护发素进行比较。结果表明:最优条件下,双亲性聚合物在头发上的残留量为102μg/g头发;在护发素中添加双亲聚合物后能够显著改善湿梳理性能,其湿梳性优于市售含硅护发素;经护发素处理后的头发毛鳞片规整、无翘起,且双亲聚合物在头发上无累积效应。 相似文献