A general formula for the evaluation of thermodynamic and aerodynamic losses in nucleating steam flow

Near saturation steam undergoing rapid expansion, with homogeneous nucleation of water droplets, is numerically studied in a series of converging/diverging nozzles with and without shocks. To understand loss mechanisms in such flows a numerical model is presented to calculate thermodynamic losses, which is further used to quantify associated total aerodynamic losses. For the converging/diverging nozzle configuration, the model shows that the overall thermodynamic loss is only mildly influenced by increasing shock strength, while the aerodynamic losses follow that of the single phase flow, and are of the same magnitude as the thermodynamic loss only in the case of very weak shocks. The thermodynamic losses can be attributed to two influences, the homogeneous nucleation event, and the post-shock thermal oscillations in the two-phase system. The calculations rely on a new two-phase CFD model, previously reported, for non-equilibrium phase change with droplet nucleation applicable to general 3D flow configurations.     

基于前掠式HWB(翼身融合混合布局)无人飞行器的初步研究

根据前掠翼布局及飞翼布局的特点,针对前掠式HWB(翼身融合混合布局)建立模型,采用流场可视化分析方法,对前掠式HWB(翼身融合混合布局)模型进行流场分析,发现在较合理的气动布局设计情况下可以有效的改善前掠翼气动弹性发散、翼根失速等问题从而获得良好的气动性能.在此基础上进一步试制模型并试飞,获得了较为理想的效果.为前掠翼飞机的实用化做了前期的探索.     

Three dimensional numerical simulations of long-span bridge aerodynamics, using block-iterative coupling and DES

The design of long-span bridges often depends on wind tunnel testing of sectional or full aeroelastic models. Some progress has been made to find a computational alternative to replace these physical tests. In this paper, an innovative computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method is presented, where the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is solved through a self-developed code combined with an ANSYS-CFX solver. Then an improved CFD method based on block-iterative coupling is also proposed. This method can be readily used for two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) structure modelling. Detached-Eddy simulation for 3D viscous turbulent incompressible flow is applied to the 3D numerical analysis of bridge deck sections. Firstly, 2D numerical simulations of a thin airfoil demonstrate the accuracy of the present CFD method. Secondly, numerical simulations of a U-shape beam with both 2D and 3D modelling are conducted. The comparisons of aerodynamic force coefficients thus obtained with wind tunnel test results well meet the prediction that 3D CFD simulations are more accurate than 2D CFD simulations. Thirdly, 2D and 3D CFD simulations are performed for two generic bridge deck sections to produce their aerodynamic force coefficients and flutter derivatives. The computed values agree well with the available computational and wind tunnel test results. Once again, this demonstrates the accuracy of the proposed 3D CFD simulations. Finally, the 3D based wake flow vision is captured, which shows another advantage of 3D CFD simulations. All the simulation results demonstrate that the proposed 3D CFD method has good accuracy and significant benefits for aerodynamic analysis and computational FSI studies of long-span bridges and other slender structures.     

Estimating aerodynamic resistance of rough surfaces using angular reflectance

Current wind erosion and dust emission models neglect the heterogeneous nature of surface roughness and its geometric anisotropic effect on aerodynamic resistance, and over-estimate the erodible area by assuming it is not covered by roughness elements. We address these shortfalls with a new model which estimates aerodynamic roughness length (z₀) using angular reflectance of a rough surface. The new model is proportional to the frontal area index, directional, and represents the geometric anisotropy of z₀. The model explained most of the variation in two sets of wind tunnel measurements of aerodynamic roughness lengths (z₀). Field estimates of z₀ for varying wind directions were similar to predictions made by the new model. The model was used to estimate the erodible area exposed to abrasion by saltating particles. Vertically integrated horizontal flux (F_h) was calculated using the area not covered by non-erodible hemispheres; the approach embodied in dust emission models. Under the same model conditions, F_h estimated using the new model was up to 85% smaller than that using the conventional area not covered. These F_h simulations imply that wind erosion and dust emission models without geometric anisotropic sheltering of the surface, may considerably over-estimate F_h and hence the amount of dust emission. The new model provides a straightforward method to estimate aerodynamic resistance with the potential to improve the accuracy of wind erosion and dust emission models, a measure that can be retrieved using bi-directional reflectance models from angular satellite sensors, and an alternative to notoriously unreliable field estimates of z₀ and their extrapolations across landform scales.     

基于变分模态分解的风力发电机组叶轮不平衡检测方法

叶轮不平衡在风力发电机组运行的过程中是不可避免的,长期运行则会直接影响风力发电机组的可靠性,降低风电机组的寿命。针对风力发电机组叶轮不平衡故障的非线性和非稳定性等问题,传统的频域变换频谱分析方法存在一定的局限性,因此,本文研究了一种基于变分模态分解的叶轮不平衡故障的检测方法。结合风电场实际运行数据进行对比分析,该方法可以把复杂的多信号分解成若干个调幅调频信号,并能有效提取出故障特征,与传统频域变化频谱方法进行对比有较大优势。研究结果表明,叶轮气动不平衡故障会造成风轮1P纵向振动明显增大,且随着安装桨距角的偏差越大轴向振动幅值越大。     

导弹大攻角气动特性计算

提出了一种适于在初步设计中使用、具有良好精度的亚、超音速导弹大攻角气动特性的工程计算方法。重点介绍翼－身，尾－身干扰对非线性法向力的贡献，并用抽样作算例，通过翼－身，尾－身干扰因子进行具体计算。结果表明这种方法具有简便，计算快和符合设计精度要求的优点。     

基于气动辅助变轨的变气动外形飞行器概念研究--二层优化与求解方法

一个飞行器的气动外形,在给定的气体流动状态下将决定其气动特性,而这些气动特性又和变轨的优化解密切相关,这是考虑了热载荷、峰值过载和飞行的机动性等限制.因此构成一个二层优化问题;气动外形优选(上层问题)和变轨优化(下层问题).通过定义一个最优值函数,可以把二层优化问题转换成单层的数学规划,通常这是非凸的和非线性的问题,且难于求解,然而基于智能优化的现代优化方法,将为这类复杂问题提供可解的途径.最后,给出一个变气动外形飞行器的变轨优化的框图和求解步骤.     

新型空气动力发动机进气门的研究

为实现气动发动机利用外界较高压力空气推动气缸内活塞并对外输出动力,本文设计一种利用电磁装置的新型进气门结构,它结构简单,能够实现对大流量高压气体的流量调节,使其能很好的满足气体发动机的工作要求。     

Effects of seismic and aerodynamic load interaction on structural dynamic response of multi-megawatt utility scale horizontal axis wind turbines

Horizontal axis wind turbines can experience significant time varying aerodynamic loads that has the potential to cause adverse effects on structural, mechanical, and power production. The progress in the wind industry has caused the construction of wind farms in areas prone to high seismic activity. With the advances in computational tools, a more realistic representation of the behavior of wind turbines should be performed. One of the simulation platforms was developed using the 5 MW NREL utility scale reference turbine model. The performed simulations will be used to evaluate the effects of aerodynamic and seismic load coupling on the power generation and structural dynamics behavior of this structure. Different turbine operational scenarios such as (i) normal operational condition with no earthquake, (ii) idling condition with the presence of seismic loads, (iii) normal operational condition with earthquake, and (iv) earthquake-induced emergency shutdown will be simulated with various loading conditions to show the differences in generated power and dynamic response. The results of this paper provide formulations for calculating generated power and design deriving parameters by considering different intensity measures. Moreover, the effects of aerodynamic damping and pitch control system are presented to shows reduction in the resulting design demand loads.     

Framework for sensitivity and uncertainty quantification in the flutter assessment of bridges

The phenomenon of aerodynamic instability caused by wind is usually a major design criterion for long-span cable-supported bridges. If the wind speed exceeds the critical flutter speed of the bridge, this constitutes an Ultimate Limit State. The prediction of the flutter boundary therefore requires accurate and robust models. The state-of-the-art theory concerning determination of the flutter stability limit is presented. Usually bridge decks are bluff and therefore the aeroelastic forces under wind action have to be experimentally evaluated in wind tunnels or numerically computed through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations. The self-excited forces are modelled using aerodynamic derivatives obtained through CFD forced vibration simulations on a section model. The two-degree-of-freedom flutter limit is computed by solving the Eigenvalue problem.A probabilistic flutter analysis utilizing a meta-modelling technique is used to evaluate the effect of parameter uncertainty. A bridge section is numerically modelled in the CFD simulations. Here flutter derivatives are considered as random variables. A methodology for carrying out sensitivity analysis of the flutter phenomenon is developed. The sensitivity with respect to the uncertainty of flutter derivatives and structural parameters is considered by taking into account the probability distribution of the flutter limit. A significant influence on the flutter limit is found by including uncertainties of the flutter derivatives due to different interpretations of scatter in the CFD simulations. The results indicate that the proposed probabilistic flutter analysis provides extended information concerning the accuracy in the prediction of flutter limits.The final aim is to set up a method to estimate the flutter limit with probabilistic input parameters. Such a tool could be useful for bridge engineers at early design stages. This study shows the difficulties in this regard which have to be overcome but also highlights some interesting and promising results.