OPS和OPC系列稠油乳化降黏剂的研制

以工业品烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚OP-n（n=4,6,8,10,15）为起始原料,合成了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚乙酸盐OPC-n和磺酸盐OPS-n两个系列的阴-非离子表面活性剂。以酸值和黏度不同的胜利单家寺和陈庄稠油为实验油样。将OPC-n和OPS-n溶于矿化度5811 mg/kg的胜利标准盐水和NaCl、CaCl2盐水中作为水相,按油、水质量比7∶3在50℃用玻棒搅拌混合,观察是否形成水包油乳状液并测黏度进行确认。在胜利标准盐水溶液中,OPC-n和OPS-n乳化稠油所需的最低质量分数,随稠油、表面活性剂类型及氧乙烯链节数n而变,一般而言,OPC-n系列中的OPC-8和OPS-n系列中的OPS-4乳化稠油的性能最好,该最低质量分数值分别为0.05%或0.025%和0.025%。在NaCl盐水溶液中,OPC-n的该最低质量分数值与稠油和n有关,均随盐含量增加而增大,在盐含量≤15%时,抗盐性最好的OPC-8和OPC-10的该值≤0.05%;OPS-n的抗盐性好于OPC-n。OPC-n的抗钙性良好,钙盐含量为2%时该最低质量分数≤0.1%;OPS-n的抗钙性更好,钙盐含量为2%和3%时该最低质量分数仅为0.025%或0.05%。表6参5。     

Monitoring the linear alkylbenzene sulfonation process using high-temperature gas chromatography

Controlling the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) sulfonation process is a critical part of the LAS manufacturing process; this process can be monitored by assaying for LAS content, unsulfonated linear alkylbenzene (LAB), and LAB sulfones. Traditionally, assaying the LAB and LAB sulfone contents has been time consuming and not straightforward. A simple and rapid procedure is described for the isolation and simultaneous capillary gas chromatographic (GC) quantification of LAB and LAB sulfones in LAS. The procedure involves extraction of the unsulfonated LAB and the LAB sulfones into n-heptane; sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate or linear alkylbenzenesulfonic acid (reacted to form sodium linear alkylbenzenesulfonate) remains in the aqueous extraction solvent layer. High-temperature capillary GC using a specialty metal capillary column enables both LAB and high molecular weight LAB sulfones to be quantified.     

Relationship of structure to properties of surfactants. 16. Linear decyldiphenylether sulfonates

The properties of some well-characterized sodium linear decyldiphenylether (C₁₀DPE)sulfonates have been studied. Among the properties investigated are dynamic and equilibrium surface tension, critical micelle concentration (CMC), area per molecule at the aqueous solution/air interface, wetting time by the Draves technique, foaming by the Ross-Miles method, solubilization, and hydrotropy. The decyldiphenylether moiety appears to be equivalent to a terminally substituted straight alkyl chain of 16 carbon atoms. The trialkyl- and dialkyl-mono-sulfonates have solubilities of < 0.01 g/dm³ in water, but are readily soluble in hexane. The didecyldiphenyl ether disulfonate (DADS) has a very low CMC value (1.0 × 10⁻⁵ mol dm⁻³) in aqueous 0.1 N Na⁺ solution (NaCl), characteristic of surfactants with two hydrophilic and two hydrophobic groups. It also has a much larger area per molecule at the aqueous solution/air interface than the monodecyldiphenyl-ether monosulfonate (MAMS) and a much higher surface tension at the CMC. MAMS has a much lower surface tension at a surface age of 1 second (γ_1s) than either DADS or the monodecyldiphenylether disulfonate (MADS). In agreement with γ_1s and γ_eq values, wetting times increase in the order: MAMS < DADS < MADS and initial foam heights decrease in the order: MAMS > DADS > MADS. Solubilization for three water-insoluble surfactants decreases in the order: DADS > MAMS > MADS, while hydrotropy is most pronounced with the disulfonates.     

α-烯烃磺酸盐、NaCl、NH_4Cl对液体洗涤剂粘度影响的研究

研究了阴离子表面活性剂/非离子表面活性剂复配液体洗涤剂时α 烯烃磺酸盐、NaCl、NH4Cl对其粘度的影响。结果表明:液体洗涤剂中无论是否含有NaCl或NH4Cl,其粘度均随体系中α 烯烃磺酸盐浓度的增加而下降。NaCl或NH4Cl对液体洗涤剂粘度的提高程度与α 烯烃磺酸盐的浓度有关。对以α 烯烃磺酸盐为主体表面活性剂的液体洗涤剂,其粘度的提高与NaCl或NH4Cl的浓度有关。     

STRUCTURAL TYPES IN PETROLEUM ASPHALTENES AS DEDUCED FROM PYROLYSIS/GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY

ABSTRACT

An integrated technique has been developed for the study of the thermal chemistry of petroleum fractions—particularly the asphaltenes. The procedure involves the integrated use of a pyroprobe/gas chroma-tographic/mass spectrometric technique which offers information about the structuraI-types and distribution within the volatile products from the thermal decomposition of asphaltenes. The technique offers itself as an attractive on-line analytical method for the study of structural types that occur in asphaltenes as well as a technique for studying the parameters that can influence asphaltene decomposition. The concept of deducing “average” structures of asphaltenes is briefly discussed in terms of the observance of the lower molecular weight species in the volatile products of the thermal decomposition.     

胜利馏分油族组分分离及磺化

通过柱层析法将胜利馏分油分离为4个族组分,采用紫外光谱、红外光谱表征各组分的结构,结果表明:族组分a是不同链长的烷烃类,族组分b、c是芳烃,族组分d是以3～4芳香片线性排列的芳烃。用1HNMR、元素分析法鉴定了族组分b、c磺酸盐的平均分子结构,推测出:族组分b分子中平均含有1～2个芳环,侧链平均含有15～16个C原子,族组分c分子中平均含有2～3个芳环,侧链平均含有19～21个C原子。用发烟硫酸进行磺化的优化条件为:组分b和组分c的磺化温度分别是40、50℃;馏分油的磺化温度可确定为45℃,优化的酸油质量比为1∶1。组分b、c及馏分油的磺化产物的表面张力相差不大,胜利石油磺酸盐(SLS)有良好的界面活性。3种磺化产物的HLB值介于11～14,具有优良的乳化性能。     

SiW12/NaY固体杂多酸催化剂的微波合成及LAS降解性能研究

以微波辐射方法合成了NaY分子筛、二氧化锆和二氧化钛不同载体负载磷钨酸、磷钼酸、硅钨酸不同杂多酸的固体酸催化剂,用Hammett指示剂与紫外光谱相结合的方法测定固体杂多酸催化剂的酸度,发现SiW12/NaY酸性最强。单因子实验研究了制备条件对SiW12/NaY固体酸催化剂酸活性的影响,正交试验探讨了影响SiW12/NaY固载杂多酸活性四个因素的大小顺序为:烧结时间>烧结功率>浸泡浓度>浸泡时间,催化剂制备的优化条件为:硅钨酸水溶液浓度0.10 mol/L,浸泡时间30 h,微波功率750 W,烧结时间40 min,制得的催化剂酸度最高。应用0.050 g SiW12/NaY固载硅钨酸催化剂降解150 mg/L,pH值为3的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)溶液60 min,LAS降解率由76%提高到94.5%。固载硅钨酸催化剂对LAS的降解率明显提高。     

纺织品中全氟辛烷磺酸及全氟辛酸的测定及其研究进展

全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)和全氟辛酸(PFOA)等化合物是应用广泛但对环境有持久污染的有机物.开展纺织品中PFOS和PFOA检测方法的研究是保护环境和人类健康,提升纺织产品质量的迫切要求.简述了PFOS和PFOA的各种检测方法和复杂样品的前处理技术,指出应研究有关纺织品中PFOS和PFOA快速、精确的测定方法,并尽快建立...     

苯磺酸钠表面活性剂在聚丙烯酰胺键合硅胶固定相上作用的热力学

 采用红外光谱、元素分析、X-射线光电子能谱对制备的部分水解聚丙烯酰胺键合硅胶进行了表征,并将其作为液相色谱固定相,以V(Methanol)/V(H₂O)= 10/90、水、模拟地层水分别作为流动相,测定了不同碳数的直链烷基对位取代苯磺酸钠在该固定相上的色谱保留参数,并对苯磺酸钠表面活性剂和固载聚丙烯酰胺间的相互作用进行了热力学研究。结果表明,直链烷基对位取代苯磺酸钠表面活性剂和部分水解聚丙烯酰胺的作用强弱及其构象变化的大小均随取代基碳数的增加而增加,随环境亲油性的增强而减小。     

石油羧酸盐与不同碳链结构磺酸盐复配体系的界面活性研究

为了探求石油磺酸盐与石油羧酸盐复配后产生协同效应的机理,选出直链和支链的石油磺酸盐与石油羟酸盐复配,并测定复配体系的界面张力,研究复配后的界面活性。发现直链的石油磺酸盐复体系要优于支链的碘酸盐复配体系的界面活性,由此讨论了复配效果和石油磺酸盐,石油羧酸盐分子结构及亲水亲油差异的关系。结果表明,直链磺酸盐与石油羧酸盐复配表面出很好的复配效应,而支链磺酸盐与石油羧酸盐复配效果较差。