Biogas production from reed biomass: Effect of pretreatment using different steam explosion conditions

Biogas production often competes with food and feed production for the raw materials and cropland required for cultivation. Common reed offers an alternative source of biomass for biogas production, alleviating this conflict. Effective microbiological conversion of this type of lignocellulosic biomass requires a pretreatment process. This study aims to determine the specific methane yields of steam-exploded reed as well as to identify how pretreatment conditions influence its physico-chemical characteristics. For this purpose, reed was pretreated with steam explosion at severity factors ranging from 2.47 to 4.83. The effects on methane yields were analyzed in batch experiments. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were captured and detailed chemical analyses of the substrates carried out. Results show that the digestibility of reed biomass improved remarkably after pretreatment. Compared to the untreated sample, steam explosion increased the specific methane yield up to 89% after pretreatment at 200 °C for 15 min. However, methane yield decreased under harsher conditions, which may be due to the formation of degradation compounds during the pretreatment.     

污泥干化芦苇床芦苇中多环芳烃的含量分布

通过现场试验,考查了多环芳烃（PAHs）从污泥向芦苇的转移以及PAHs在芦苇各部位的分布情况。受试芦苇植于污泥干化芦苇床内,芦苇床规格3 m×1 m×1.3 m,其中高度含0.65 m填料层和0.65 m超高。试验进行了3 a,包括2 a的污泥负荷期和1 a的闲置期。2 a负荷期内共进泥8.4 m(含水率99.14%),污泥PAHs含量平均5.69 mg·kg -1。原生芦苇茎和叶中的PAHs含量相对较高,达到2.198和2.583 mg·kg -1 (DW),分别是芦苇根PAHs含量的2.44和2.87倍,且以低环PAHs为主。运行结果表明,受试芦苇对污泥中的PAHs产生了明显的富集作用。运行第2年9、10和11月取污泥干化芦苇床芦苇样品并进行检测,发现芦苇根茎叶内PAHs含量呈逐月升高趋势;第3年11月芦苇根茎叶所含PAHs总量分别为7.642、7.713、7.946 mg·kg -1 (DW),相对原生芦苇分别提高了8.50、3.52和3.08倍,且以低环PAHs为主,根茎叶低环PAHs含量占PAHs总量的55.14%、56.96%和44.59%。芦苇中PAHs的含量与植物含脂率具有显著的正相关关系,而与芦苇的含水量无关。     

吡啶并吡唑类化合物与蛇毒蛋白的相互作用

运用荧光猝灭的原理在p H 7.6的生理条件下,眼镜蛇毒蛋白与系列6-氨基-4-芳基-5-氰基-3-甲基-1-苯基吡啶[2,3-c]并吡唑化合物之间的相互作用被研究,并且筛选出6-氨基-4-对羟基苯基-5-氰基-3-甲基-1-苯基吡啶[2,3-c]并吡唑（I）进行了详细研究。猝灭常数KSV、结合常数K以及结合位点n被获得。该实验证明眼镜蛇毒蛋白与I之间生成了新的化合物,而这一过程是静态猝灭的过程,并且它们之间存在着一定的结合。     

强化型缓冲带水质净化技术试验研究

对强化型缓冲带中的植物净化系统进行了研究,对芦苇和蒲草的净化效果进行了对比分析。结果表明:蒲草和芦苇对水体中总磷能快速吸收、吸收效果显著,对总氮和有机物效果不明显;在最低种植密度(3株/m2)时,后期芦苇对试验效果的维持比蒲草好,在中等(6株/m2)和高等密度(12株/m2)时,蒲草对试验水体中总磷的净化效果较芦苇好;蒲草植株内的总磷含量较芦苇高,在相同时间内收获相同植株数量蒲草比芦苇对试验水体中总磷的移除量更大;工程应用时建议以蒲草为主,芦苇为辅;种植密度蒲草采用3株/m2,芦苇采用6株/m2;为避免植株腐败造成二次污染,芦苇和蒲草应在10月上旬至中旬收割。     

Scanning electron microscope (SEM) disclosure of the effects of snake venom on living tissue integrity and cell surfaces

The tissue destruction produced by the bite of the viper is well known and the venom enzyme[s] that produce it have been thoroughly studied. Not so well examined is the view of the damage available to the electron microscope, especially the scanning electron microscope. Here we have used the SEM to view the effects of viper venom on living tissue in situ. SCANNING 32: 155–158, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

水力条件对芦苇湿地系统DO质量浓度的影响

就水位及水力负荷对湿地系统中DO质量浓度的影响进行实验。结果表明：随着水位的不断提高,芦苇湿地系统中的DO质量浓度呈现出不断升高的趋势,且在300～550 mm水位区间增加趋势比较明显,随着水位的再度升高,在550～650 mm水位区间DO质量浓度增加趋势趋于平稳;随着水力负荷的不断增加,芦苇湿地系统中的DO质量浓度呈现先增加后减小的趋势,本实验中最适合的水力负荷在0.8968～1.2230 m3/（ m2＆#183; d）之间。     

皖南地区眼镜蛇毒活性组分外用镇痛的效应及机制研究

目的: 探讨皖南地区眼镜蛇毒活性组分（cobra venom analgesic factor, CVAF）外用镇痛的效应及其可能的作用机制。方法: 雄性SD大鼠分为生理盐水对照组(NS组)、完全弗氏佐剂炎痛组（CFA组）、双氯芬酸钠镇痛阳性对照组（CFA+SL组）、氟比洛芬镇痛阳性对照组（CFA+FB组）、CVAF镇痛实验组（CFA+CVAF组）,比较观察CVAF凝胶局部外用的镇痛效果。分别采用热刺痛仪及机械压痛仪测定各组大鼠痛阈,ELISA法检测各组大鼠脊髓匀浆中IL-1、TNF-α的含量,HE染色法观察大鼠足趾组织病理变化。结果: 与CFA组比较,CVAF镇痛组大鼠在给药后的第7日和第14日的体质量差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05、P<0.01),CVAF组大鼠的机械压痛阈和热痛阈都有所提高（P<0.01）,脊髓匀浆中IL-1、TNF-α的浓度相对减少,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）,在HE染色中,CVAF组大鼠足趾组织水肿明显减轻,炎性浸润相对不显著。结论: 皖南地区CVAF凝胶局部外用可提高炎痛大鼠热痛阈和机械压痛阈,其机制可能与减少炎症介质释放,抑制炎症反应有关。     

两种小菜蛾寄生蜂毒液器官超微结构的比较

应用超薄切片和电镜技术，观察比较了两种小菜蛾的内寄生蜂——小菜蛾盘绒茧蜂和半闭弯尾姬蜂毒液器官的形态结构。两种蜂的毒液器官均由一个毒囊和两条毒腺组成，但毒腺与毒囊的连接位点不同，毒腺分别接于毒囊的基部和顶端。它们的毒腺均由分泌细胞、退化的外胚层细胞和环腔的内膜三层结构构成，分泌细胞内含司分泌毒液的囊状细胞器及大量的内质网、线粒体、高尔基体、溶酶体和液泡。半闭弯尾姬蜂的分泌细胞内有分支的细胞核。小菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的毒囊由肌肉鞘和扁平细胞层构成，内膜呈波浪状内突并沿囊腔有几丁质增厚；半闭弯尾姬蜂的毒囊由肌肉鞘、分泌细胞和扁平细胞三层构成，分泌细胞基部内陷成一系列大的突起，这些结构与雌蜂的分泌和排出毒液的行为密切相关。在衰老的小菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的腺细胞中还存在大量的髓样体。本文就两种寄生蜂毒液器官的生物学、细胞生理学及相关的分类进化的意义进行了讨论。     

Fungal dyes for textile applications: testing of industrial conditions for wool fabrics dyeing

Natural dyes and pigments have been proposed as an eco-friendly alternative to artificial pigments. Among the diverse organisms able to synthesize natural dyes and pigments, several wood inhabiting fungi produce extracellular compounds which have been tested to dye fabrics at laboratory conditions with good results. However, the dyeing conditions used at laboratory level not necessary meet the real conditions in which dyeing of fabrics is conducted at industrial level. In this work, yellow and red dyes producing fungi, Penicillium murcianum and Talaromyces australis, respectively, were isolated from wood samples and used to dye wool fabrics at conditions of temperature, pH, additives, and equipment similar to those used at industrial level. After dyeing treatments, color fastness to washing, wet and dry rubbing, and tensile strength were tested. Satisfactory results were found when the dyes were used individually and mixed to different proportions. According to the results, natural dyes synthesized by these two wood inhabiting fungi have great potential to be used for dyeing of wool at industrial level.     

The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Methanolic Extract and Fractions from Davilla elliptica St. Hil. (Dilleniaceae) on Bothrops jararaca Envenomation

Inflammation and haemorrhage are the main characteristics of tissue injury in botropic envenomation. Although some studies have shown that anti-venom prevents systemic reactions, it is not efficient in preventing tissue injury at the site of the bite. Therefore, this work was undertaken to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract and fractions from D. elliptica and to evaluate the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in this process. Effects of the extract and fractions from D. elliptica were evaluated using a carrageenan-induced paw oedema model in rats, and leukocyte rolling was visualized by intravital. The quantification of MMPs activities (MMP-2 and MMP-9) extracted from the dermis of mice treated with extract and fractions alone or incubated with venom was determined by zymographic analyses. Our results show that intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of fractions significantly reduced paw oedema after the carrageenan challenge. Treatment with the tannins fraction also resulted in considerable inhibition of the rolling of leukocytes and this fraction was able to decrease the activation of MMP-9. These results confirmed the anti-inflammatory activity of the methanolic extract and tannins fraction of D. elliptica and showed that the dermonecrosis properties of B. jararaca venom might be mediated through the inhibition of MMP-9 activity.