Results from long-term field experiments in south-western Australia are presented in the form of relationships between yield, expressed as a percentage of the maximum yield, and soil test for phosphorus (P) values. Maximum yields were not always indicated by well defined yield plateaux. Different methods have been used to estimate the maximum yield value which is used to calculate yield as a percentage of the maximum yield so as to remove interseasonal variation. For all of these methods and for the same site, the same P fertilizer (superphosphate), and the same plant species, the relationship between yield and soil test P differed for different years. Consequently fertilizer recommendations based on the assumption that this relationship is constant are likely to be incorrect. We therefore question the validity of the common practice in soil testing programmes of using percentage yield values to remove interseasonal variation. 相似文献
The destruction of methyl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) in contaminated waters by O3/H202 process was studied and the influence background COD, alkalinity, and hydrogen peroxide and MTBE concentrations on process treatment efficiency and ozone dosage was investigated. The treatment efficiency was evaluated by an Efficiency Index, which is based on electrical energy requirement for ozone production. It was found that the treatment efficiency decreases linearly with increasing concentrations of MTBE at constant background COD and with background COD at constant MTBE concentration. A simplified kinetic scheme was presented to account for these observations. 相似文献
The oxidation of iron and manganese by ozone was studied in the laboratory. Model waters both with and without organic matter were used. Results showed iron to be very rapidly oxidized to an insoluble form in the absence of organic matter. However, in the presence of organic matter the iron was protected from oxidation by ozone and precipitation. The degree to which this occurred depended on the nature of the organic matter and the chemical environment at the time of mixing the iron stock and the dissolved organic matter.
Experiments with manganese allowed the determination of second order rate constants for the reaction of ozone with manganese at various pH values. The oxidation of manganese in the presence of organic matter occurred in competition with oxidation of the organic matter. As a result, high ozone doses were required to achieve the same degree of removal of manganese. An increase in bicarbonate alkalinity from 50 mg/L to 200 mg/L did not result in an acceleration of the manganese oxidation in the absence of organic matter. However, in the presence of organic matter, higher levels of bicarbonate created conditions that resulted in more complete oxidation of the manganese following total consumption of the dosed ozone. 相似文献
In this research, the effect of different bicarbonate salts (sodium and ammonium) and their doses (0, 1, 2, and 3 g/100 g raw material) in the coating batter formula use and the sequential use of frying oil (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th) on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acrylamide contents in coated fried chicken meat. The addition of sodium bicarbonate was efficient for reducing acrylamide content, but it increased browning and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural content compared to the control. When increasing the doses of sodium and ammonium bicarbonate from 1 to 3 g/100 g of raw material, the acrylamide content of samples did not change significantly, although adding sodium bicarbonate significantly reduced the acrylamide content as a control. These research results showed that using about 1 g/100 g raw material sodium bicarbonate rather than ammonium bicarbonate and as little frying oil as possible use during the production of coated and fried meat results in lower contents of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and acrylamide. 相似文献
Hydrogen gas generation with an effective response to changing application demands was achieved with the use of a hydrogen storage battery based on aqueous cesium bicarbonate hydrogenation/formate dehydrogenation, homogeneously catalyzed by an Ir(I)N-heterocyclic carbene complex. In this device, the storage solution was circulated through a small volume tubular reactor heated to the required high temperature to allow fast hydrogen evolution while the high volume reservoir was kept at ambient temperature at which no H2 was generated. Merely by the control of the reactor temperature, it was possible to regulate the rate of hydrogen evolution as required. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of homogeneous catalysis for the purpose of hydrogen generation in flow systems. 相似文献
Scientific publications on ozone decay kinetics in water report very wide result variations, depending on a multiplicity of factors, such as ozone concentration, pH, temperature, alkalinity, fluid-dynamic conditions, presence of UV radiations, and concentration of organic and inorganic carbon. This paper intends to provide an engineering-oriented review that summarizes and compares the main results reported in the recent literature so that the condensed information can guide the reader in getting operational indications to assist applications and research. 相似文献
Enhanced reductive dehalogenation is an attractive treatment technology for in situ remediation of chlorinated solvent DNAPL source areas. Reductive dehalogenation is an acid-forming process with hydrochloric acid and also organic acids from fermentation of the electron donors typically building up in the source zone during remediation. This can lead to groundwater acidification thereby inhibiting the activity of dehalogenating microorganisms. Where the soils' natural buffering capacity is likely to be exceeded, the addition of an external source of alkalinity is needed to ensure sustained dehalogenation. To assist in the design of bioremediation systems, an abiotic geochemical model was developed to provide insight into the processes influencing the groundwater acidity as dehalogenation proceeds, and to predict the amount of bicarbonate required to maintain the pH at a suitable level for dehalogenating bacteria (i.e., > 6.5). The model accounts for the amount of chlorinated solvent degraded, site water chemistry, electron donor, alternative terminal electron-accepting processes, gas release and soil mineralogy. While calcite and iron oxides were shown to be the key minerals influencing the soil's buffering capacity, for the extensive dehalogenation likely to occur in a DNAPL source zone, significant bicarbonate addition may be necessary even in soils that are naturally well buffered. Results indicated that the bicarbonate requirement strongly depends on the electron donor used and availability of competing electron acceptors (e.g., sulfate, iron (III)). Based on understanding gained from this model, a simplified model was developed for calculating a preliminary design estimate of the bicarbonate addition required to control the pH for user-specified operating conditions. 相似文献