Effect of competitive interference on the biosorption of lead(II) by Chlorella vulgaris

Batch experiments were carried out to asses the effect of Cu(II) and Zn(II) on the biosorption of lead(II) ions by non-living Chlorella vulgaris. The uptake of Pb(II) was examined for single, binary and ternary solutions at different initial concentrations and different pH values. The experimental results showed that the uptake increased with increasing pH from 3.0 to an optimum value of 5.0. The biosorption of Pb(II) was found to be adversely affected by the presence of Cu(II) ions, while Zn(II) ions seemed to have negligible effect on the process. The equilibrium data were fitted to four isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Sips and Dubinin–Radushkevich; the Sips isotherm gave the best fit for the data. Modeling of the controlling mechanisms indicated that both intrinsic kinetics and mass transfer played major roles in controlling the process. A new dimensionless parameter, Ψ, was defined to asses the relative contributions of the two mechanisms to the biosorption of lead(II). Mass transfer seemed to be the dominant mechanism at low initial lead(II) concentrations, while intrinsic kinetics dominates at high concentrations.     

假丝酵母吸附241Am的研究

研究了假丝酵母吸附^241Am的行为及各种实验条件对吸附的影响。结果表明：假丝酵母吸附”Am的最适酸度为pH=2，吸附反应在4h左右达到平衡，反应温度在15-45℃之间对吸附影响不大。溶液中1500倍的Au^3 和4500倍的Ag^ 存在对假丝酵母吸附^241Am无明显影响。在^241Am起始体积活度C0为5．6—111MBq/L(质量浓度44．3—877．2μg/L)的溶液中，加入干假丝酵母0．82g/L，对^241Am的吸附率可达97．8％，吸附量w可达63．5MBq／g(501．8μg/g)，表明假丝酵母处理^241Am放射性废液是可行的，其生物吸附过程可由Langmuir吸附等温式来描述。     

Cross-linked chitosan polymers as generic adsorbents for simultaneous adsorption of multiple mycotoxins

The primary objective of this study was to synthesize three types of cross-linked chitosan polymers and further investigate their adsorption capability for multiple mycotoxins, including aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁), ochratoxin A (OTA), zearalenone (ZEN), fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), deoxynivalenol (DON) and T-2 toxin (T2). Among these synthetic adsorbents, cross-linked chitosan-glutaraldehyde complex presented the highest adsorption capability for AFB₁ (73%), OTA (97%), ZEN (94%) and FB₁ (99%), but no obvious adsorption for DON and T2 (<30%). The effect of various incubation conditions (contact time, dosage and pH) was also studied. Subsequently, the experimental data were fitted to Langmuir, Freundlich and Hill models. The best fitting model to describe AFB₁ and FB₁ adsorption was Langmuir model (R² ≥ 0.99), with the theoretical maximum adsorption amounts of 5.67 mg/g for AFB₁ and 15.7 mg/g for FB₁. The Hill model was the best model for OTA and ZEN adsorption (R² > 0.98), with the predicted maximum adsorption amounts were 24.8 mg/g for OTA and 9.18 mg/g for ZEN. In addition, the adsorption capability of adsorbent for the simultaneous presence of multiple mycotoxins was also evaluated in buffer system and simulated gastrointestinal condition. The results indicated that the coexisted multiple mycotoxins didn't affected the adsorption capability of adsorbent, whereas the adsorption amounts of toxins were decreased by some gastrointestinal components. The findings of this research suggest that chitosan–glutaraldehyde complex has the potential to be applied as multitoxin adsorbent material for reducing the combined adverse effect of multiple mycotoxins on humans and animals.     

Removal of several metal ions from aqueous solution using powdered stem of Arundo donax L. as a new biosorbent

Arundo donax L., a member of Poaceae, was washed, dried, selected, pulverized, and then used for removal of Cu(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous solution. Series batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of contact time, pretreatment, particle size of biomass and solution pH on the biosorption capability of A. donax L. powder. The desorption characteristics and renewability of the biomass were also studied. The applicability of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms was examined for the experimental data, so did the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetic models. Results showed that alkali-treated A. donax L. biomass was more appropriate to be the bio-material for biosorption when compared to acid-treated, washed and virgin A. donax L. Owing to its fast adsorption rate, high uptake capacity and the renewability of facility, stem of A. donax L. treated with NaOH seems to be a promising biosorbent for removal of heavy metals from wastewater.     

A new application of giant reed waste material for ammonium removal

Excess nitrogen is one of the main causes of eutrophication in water bodies. In this study, the undesirable agricultural lignocellulosic material giant reed was used to remove ammonium ions from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various parameters such as contact time, initial ammonium concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, particle size, agitation rate and phosphate coexisting during the ammonium adsorption process. The ammonium sorption capacity of fibrous giant reed (FGR) at equilibrium was 12.49?mg?N/g with a maximum removal efficiency of 76% observed within 30?min at pH range of 6.5–9.5. Results revealed that the Freundlich isotherm model fitted better with the sorption process than the Langmuir model, and the adsorption process was well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. FT-IR analyses indicated that complexation and ion exchange could be the main mechanisms for the ammonium removal by FGR. Results revealed that FGR has a sorption capacity comparable to that of other natural sorbents with the advantage of greater availability with no cost.     

胶质芽孢杆菌对水中Pb2+生物吸附-浮选性能研究

用胶质芽孢杆菌作吸附剂,探讨了采用生物吸附-浮选法去除水相中Pb2 的可能性,并对生物吸附机理和吸附剂与捕收剂的作用机理进行了分析.结果表明,用阳离子型捕收剂对胶质芽孢杆菌有较高的去除率,在pH为3～6的范围内,用十二胺浮选吸附了Pb2 的胶质芽孢杆菌,可获得较好的菌细胞和Pb2 的去除效果.在浮选pH=6.25、十二胺用量为0.375 mol/L时,菌细胞和Pb2 的去除率均达到了98%以上.选用Na2CO3作为解吸剂,浓度为1.2 mol/L、pH=4.75时,对吸附Pb2 后的胶质芽孢杆菌的解吸效果可以达到100%.动电位测试和红外光谱分析结果表明,胶质芽孢杆菌的自然等电点为2.39,吸附Pb2 后变为2.83,菌细胞与Pb2 的吸附过程主要与细胞多糖成分有关,吸附过程主要是静电吸引;吸附了Pb2 的菌细胞用十二胺浮选后等电点增至2.94,十二胺对菌细胞的浮选与细胞表面的酰胺基团和缔合-OH有关,吸附过程中有静电力、氢键和范德华力参与.     

啤酒酵母对镉离子的吸附及镉离子的解吸

研究了啤酒酵母对镉的生物吸附过程及吸附后镉的解析过程.吸附试验表明:啤酒酵母吸附镉的速度非常快;初始pH值对镉的吸附影响较大,吸附过程最佳初始pH范围为4～8之间;啤酒酵母有调节pH值的作用,初始pH值为4～8的溶液在吸附反应后,最终pH值均为5.8左右;酵母用量对吸附有一定影响,但用量不宜过大;Cd2 的初始浓度对吸附影响较小,因而啤酒酵母可处理高浓度含镉废水.解吸试验表明:用稀盐酸可将吸附于啤酒酵母的镉快速解吸,盐酸浓度对解吸率影响不大.     

Metal speciation and pH effect on Pb,Cu, Zn and Cd biosorption onto Sphaerotilus natans: Langmuir-type empirical model

Biosorption data of lead, copper, zinc and cadmium onto Sphaerotilus natans at different equilibrium pH (3-5 units) were here reported and analysed. Experimental results outlined the positive effect of pH increase on pollutant uptake and also the biomass affinity series (Pb > Cu > Zn > Cd) reflecting the hydrolytic properties of metals. An original empirical model was proposed to represent the effect of pH on heavy metal biosorption inserting q(max) vs. pH empirical functions into the classical Langmuir isotherm.     

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using the fungus Aspergillus flavus

The fungus, Aspergillus flavus when challenged with silver nitrate solution accumulated silver nanoparticles on the surface of its cell wall in 72 h. These nanoparticles dislodged by ultrasonication showed an absorption peak at 420 nm in UV-visible spectrum corresponding to the plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. The transmission electron micrographs of dislodged nanoparticles in aqueous solution showed the production of reasonably monodisperse silver nanoparticles (average particle size: 8.92 ± 1.61 nm) by the fungus. X-ray diffraction spectrum of the nanoparticles confirmed the formation of metallic silver. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the presence of protein as the stabilizing agent surrounding the silver nanoparticles. These protein-stabilized silver nanoparticles produced a characteristic emission peak at 553 nm when excited at 420 nm in photoluminescence spectrum. The use of fungus for silver nanoparticles synthesis offers the benefits of eco-friendliness and amenability for large-scale production.     

Surface modified bacterial biosorbent with poly(allylamine hydrochloride): Development using response surface methodology and use for recovery of hexachloroplatinate(IV) from aqueous solution

In this study, poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAA/HCl) was cross-linked with fermentation bacterial waste (Escherichia coli) in order to introduce a large amount of amine groups as binding sites for potassium hexachloroplatinate(IV), as a model anionic pollutant. The sorption performance of PAA/HCl-modified E. coli was greatly affected by the dosages of PAA/HCl and crosslinker (epichlorohydrin, ECH), and by the pH of the modification reaction medium. These factors were optimized through the response surface methodology (RSM). A three-level factorial Box-Behnken design was performed, and a second-order polynomial model was successfully used to describe the effects of PAA/HCl, ECH and the pH on the Pt(IV) uptake (R² = 0.988). The optimal conditions that were obtained from the RSM were 0.49 g of PAA/HCl, 0.05 mL of ECH and pH 10.02, with 1.0 g of dried E. coli biomass. The biosorption isotherm and kinetics studies were carried out in order to evaluate the sorption potential of the PAA/HCl-modified E. coli that was prepared under the optimized conditions. The sorption performance of the developed bacterial biosorbent was 4.36 times greater than that of the raw E. coli. Desorption was carried out using 0.05 M acidified thiourea and the biosorbent was successfully regenerated and reused up to four cycles. Therefore, this simple and cost-effective method suggested here is a useful modification tool for the development of high performance biosorbents for the recovery of anionic precious metals.