Investigation of gas-solid flow characteristics in a novel internal fluidized bed combustor by experiment and CPFD simulation

Based on the coal self-preheating combustion technology, this research proposed a novel internal fluidized bed combustor (IFBC) with an internal separator for stable preheating of fuel. In order to verify feasibility and operation stability of IFBC, cold experiment, electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) and computational particle fluid dynamic (CPFD) simulation were performed in a laboratory-scale IFBC. The effects of superficial air velocity (U_g) and return valve structure on the operation and gas-solid flow characteristics were investigated. The results revealed that the CPFD prediction agreed well with the experiment values. The pressure balance curve presented an “8″ shape distribution, and the particle volume fraction (PVF) showed ‘core-annular’ distribution features. With the increase of U_g, the PVF in the standpipe increased, and the discharge pattern of the return valve changed from continuous discharge to intermittent discharge, and the solid circulation flux showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. With the decrease of the outlet opening of return valve (Φ), the gas–solid flow behavior in standpipe experienced a transition from gas leakage, stabilizing material seal, and blocking state. For U_g = 2 m/s, Φ = 50 %, an effective solid seal in the return valve was established and IFBC has a stable circulation and operation.     

A model for collisional exchange in gas/liquid/solid fluidized beds

A new model is presented for numerical simulations of collisional transfer of mass, momentum and energy in gas/liquid/solid fluidized beds. The mathematical formulation uses a collision model similar to that of Bhatnagar, Gross, and Krook (BGK), in a particle distribution function transport equation, in order to approximate the rates at which collisions bring about local equilibration of particle velocities and the masses, compositions, and temperatures of liquid films on bed particles. The model is implemented in the framework of the computational-particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) numerical methodology, in which the particle phase is represented with computational parcels and the continuous phase is calculated on Eulerian finite-difference grid. Computational examples using the Barracuda^® code, a commercial CFD code owned by CPFD Software, LLC, show the ability of the model to calculate spray injection and subsequent liquid spreading in gas/solid flows.     

催化裂化管式待生剂分配器颗粒分配特性及内部流动特性的CPFD模拟

基于CPFD(Computational particle fluid dynamics)方法，对实验室前期研究的催化裂化管式分配器内的颗粒分配特性及内部流动特性进行了数值模拟，系统研究了输送风、松动风及分配器倾斜角度对颗粒分配不均匀指数的影响，并进一步考察了输送风和松动风对分配器各出口气体流量分布及内部气 固流动特性的影响。结果表明，增大输送风量、松动风量以及分配器的倾斜角度均可以降低颗粒分配不均匀指数，但改变松动风量的效果不如改变输送风量和倾斜角度显著。分配器倾斜角存在一个最优值时，颗粒分配均匀性最佳。输送风的增大会使得颗粒出料量最高的排料口的位置逐渐向分配器的末端移动，中间排料口所流出的气体流量占比增大，末端排料口排风量占比减小。引入松动风后，各出口的颗粒排料量更加接近，同时靠近末端排料口的气体流量占比明显增大。     

CPFD在细颗粒料仓下料中的应用

借助计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)的数值模拟方法,研究了细颗粒玻璃微珠在不同结构料仓内的下料特性,获得了料仓出口直径和半锥角对颗粒下料流动的影响。在实验室可视化下料平台开展了验证实验,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。模拟结果表明:下料流率与料仓出口直径2.5次方呈正比;料仓半锥角增大,下料流型从质量流过渡至漏斗流。CPFD模拟给出了料仓下料过程的细节信息,并获得了料仓结构对颗粒流动形态转变的临界面相对高度的影响。     

基于CPFD多密度矿粒流化与分选特性研究

本文基于一种流态化干法选矿装置,实现在约束环境下对多密度矿粒进行分离。通过矿物分选机理研究、利用Barracuda计算平台探索适用于干法选矿装置内气固流动模拟的计算颗粒流体力学（CPFD）仿真计算,并与实验研究相结合,对多密度矿粒分选特性进行研究。结果表明：当风速4.2m/s,矿粒W在分布距离170mm处分选品位较好,在开口为4mm时品位可达10.655%,回收率达88.6%;矿粒Mn在分布距离270mm处矿粒富集程度最佳,开口为3mm时品位达到最大值48.3%,回收率达80.9%。本文研究成果对风力干法选矿技术具有参考意义。     

Heterogeneous gas chemistry in the CPFD Eulerian-Lagrangian numerical scheme (ozone decomposition)

Heterogeneous catalytic chemistry is used throughout the chemical and petro-chemical industry. In predicting the performance of a reactor, knowing the gases and solids flow dynamics is as important as having good chemical rate expressions. This paper gives the solution of ozone decomposition in a bubbling bed using the CPFD numerical scheme which is a Eulerian-Lagrangian solution method for fluid-solid flows. The ozone decomposition can be described by a single stoichiometric equation and has a first order reaction rate. The ozone decomposition is a standard problem for chemical analysis and has been used to characterize gas-solid contacts in fluidized beds. The accuracy of predicting the ozone decomposition comes from correctly predicting the bed dynamics. The solution in this study is three-dimensional and predicts the coupled motion of both solids and gas. The chemical rate equation uses solids volume fraction, but the numerical method could calculate chemistry on the discrete catalyst, including a variation in size (surface area) if such a rate equation was available. The numerical results compare well with an analytic solution of the decomposition rate, and calculated results compare well with the experiment by Fryer and Potter [Fryer, C. and Potter, O.E, (1976), “Experimental investigation of models for fluidized bed catalytic reactors,” AIChE J., 22.].     

旋风筒降阻改造方式优化比选的数值模拟

采用CPFD数值模拟方法对旋风筒降阻的不同方式（扩大进口面积、增大内筒直径）进行了分析,重点考察了其对压力损失和分离效率的影响。结果表明：不同扩大进口面积的方式（外扩、内扩、下扩、上扩）降阻效果差别不大,但内扩和下扩的方法对收尘效率具有一定的负面影响;随着内筒直径的扩大,其阻力和分离效率有着不同程度的减小。     

湍动流化床颗粒流动特性的数值模拟

采用欧拉-拉格朗日研究方法,通过数值模拟对湍动流化床流化特性开展研究,得出了床层内压力、固含率、颗粒速度及粒度分布规律。结果表明:床层中心处的压力沿轴向高度逐渐减小;固含率沿轴向高度逐渐减小,呈“ε”型分布,分为底部密相区、中间过渡段及上部稀相区,在稀相区呈现出中间低、边壁高的“环核”结构,且该结构沿轴向逐渐减小,直至消失;颗粒轴向速度沿轴向起伏变大,中心区域的颗粒速度普遍大于边壁处的颗粒速度,且颗粒下落位置由边壁向中心存在移动;颗粒粒径分布沿轴向逐渐降低,稀相区分布相对比较均匀。     

进气速度与质量流率对多密度颗粒分离性能的影响研究

通过建立多密度颗粒在康达效应下的分离模型,利用不同密度颗粒在康达壁附近迁移轨迹不同而实现不同颗粒间的分离。基于计算颗粒流体力学(CPFD)方法模拟混合颗粒在该模型下的流动迁移特征,反映出不同密度颗粒在不同进气速度与质量流率的分离特性。研究表明,进气速度与质量流率对不同密度颗粒在康达壁下的迁移轨迹及分布均具有重要影响,当气流速度为2.8 m/s,质量流率为10 g/s时,在420～480 mm区间,矿粒铜的回收率可达65%,品位可达78%,富集比可达9.75,在480～520 mm区间,矿粒钨回收率可达59.50%,品位可达72%,富集比可达18,说明在康达效应下可以有效的分选富集高密度金属矿粒铜和钨,对多密度颗粒的分选具有借鉴作用,同时可为我国西北水资源贫乏地区金属矿的分选提供新的思路。