Prediction of fire classification for wood based products. A multivariate statistical approach based on the cone calorimeter

Wood has long traditions as a building material, and is often used in construction elements, and as interior and exterior surfaces in the Nordic countries. In most applications, there are reaction to fire requirements to products used as surfaces, e.g. in escape routes and larger public spaces. Most wood products will therefore have to be treated with fire retardant (FR) agents to fulfil the strict requirements to properties connected to heat release and flame spread. Unfortunately, FR agents usually also increase the smoke production, as they cause a more incomplete combustion of the wood. The wood product manufacturers seek to find the optimal amount of FR additives where both heat release and smoke production in the classifying test are within the requirements given in the building regulations. This paper describes models for prediction of the European reaction to fire classes of wood products. The models are based on multivariate statistical analysis, and use test results from the cone calorimeter test as input. The presented models are, with very good precision, able to predict which Euroclass and additional smoke class a wood based product would obtain if it were to be tested in the single burning item test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fire performance of wood (Pinus radiata) treated with fire retardants and a wood preservative

In this work, we co‐formulated an oil‐borne copper naphthenate/permethrin wood preservative system with synthetic polymer‐based fire‐retardant additives prior to the impregnation of Pinus radiata sapwood. We evaluated what effect, if any, the preservative had upon the fire performance properties of the fire retardants and whether the fire retardants impacted on the fungicidal and termiticidal efficacy of the preservative. The fire retardants included halogenated and phosphorus‐based systems. A mass loss calorimeter, in conjunction with a thermopile, was used to measure the time to ignition and the peak heat release rate (PHRR) from which the fire performance index (FPI) was determined. The preservative properties were evaluated using termite and soil‐block decay bioassays. In summary, we found that the rate of fire growth was reduced when the fire retardants were used in combination with the wood preservative. We also found that the PHRR was a better determinant of fire performance than the FPI. The performance of the wood preservative was enhanced against fungal decay and termite attack when used in combination with the fire retardants. The fire retardants also demonstrated some wood preservative properties of their own. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simultaneous mass and heat transfer under mixed convection along a vertical cone

Steady laminar binary mixed convection flow along a vertical circular cone under the combined buoyancy effects of thermal and species diffusion is studied analytically. The analysis is confined to mass diffusion processes with low concentration levels. In the analysis the surface of the cone is assumed to be at a uniform temperature and uniform concentration. Numerical results for the local Sherwood number, local Nusselt number and local friction factor are presented. Representative temperature, concentration and velocity profiles are also shown. The analysis covers the diffusion of common gases and vapours into air. Considerations are given to the situations where the buoyancy forces assist and oppose the forced convection flow for various possible combinations of the thermal and species diffusion processes.     

Isochoric specific heat of sulfur hexafluoride at the critical point: Laboratory results and outline of a spacelab experiment for the d1-mission in 1985

The specific heat at constant volume c_v shows a weak singularity at the critical point. Renormalization group techniques have been applied, predicting a universal critical behavior which has to be experimentally confirmed for different systems. In this paper an experiment is presented to measure the specific heat of SF₆ along the critical isochore (_c=0.737 g·cm^–3), applying a continuous heating method. The results cover a temperature span of –1.5×10^–2< <1.70×10^–2 [=(T–T _c)/T _c] and were strongly affected by gravity effects that emerge in the sample of 1-mm hydrostatic height near the critical point. Using regression analysis, data were fitted with functions of the form c _v/R=A × ¦¦^– + B for the one-phase state and c _v/R=A × ¦¦^– + B for the twophase state. Within their error bounds the critical values (==0.098, A/A=1.83) represent the measurements for the temperature span 3.5×10^{–5< ¦¦<2.0×10 –3}, in good agreement with theoretical predictions. In order to exclude density profiles in the specimen, which are unavoidable in terrestrial experiments due to the high compressibility of fluids at the critical point and the gravity force, a space-qualified scanning ratio calorimeter has been constructed, which will permit long-term c_v measurements under microgravity (-g) conditions. The experiment will be part of the German Spacelab mission in October 1985. The significant features of the apparatus are briefly sketched.Paper presented at the Ninth Symposium on Thermophysical Properties, June 24–27, 1985, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.     

泛函网络神经元构造理论与方法

泛函网络是近年提出的一种对神经网络的有效推广.与神经网络不同,它处理的是一般的泛函模型,它在各个神经元之间的连接没有权值,并且神经元函数不固定的,往往是一给定的基函数的组合,泛函网络学习的目的就是求出神经元函数的精确表达式或近似表达式. 迄今关于泛函网络神经元基函数的存在性和选取方法缺乏理论依据.文中基于Banach空间中偏序理论,分析了泛函网络神经元基函数的存在性,给出了泛函网络神经元基函数选取方法,对于完善泛函网络的基础理论具有参考价值.     

A practical image reconstruction and processing method for symmetrically off-center detector CBCT system

CBCT scanners have been widely used in angiography, radiotherapy guidance, mammography and oral maxillofacial imaging. To cut detector size, reduce manufacturing costs and radiation dose while keeping a reasonable FOV, the flat panel detector can be placed off-center horizontally. This scanning configuration extends the FOV effectively. However, each projection is transversely truncated, bringing errors and artifacts in reconstruction. In this paper, a simple but practical method is proposed for this scanning geometry based on truncation compensation and the modified FDK algorithm. Numerical simulations with jaw phantom were conducted to evaluate the accuracy and practicability of the proposed method. A novel CBCT system for maxillofacial imaging is used for clinical test, which is equipped with an off-center small size flat panel detector. Results show that reconstruction accuracy is acceptable for clinical use, and the image quality appears sufficient for specific diagnostic requirements. It provides a novel solution for clinical CBCT system, in order to reduce radiation dose and manufacturing cost.     

电子束吸收剂量量热计

研制了一种用于电子束吸收剂量深度分布和电子束能量测量的多层石墨量热计及一种用于吸收剂量测量和薄膜剂量计校准的石墨量热计校准装置,并介绍了两种量热计的结构和在中国原子能科学研究院14MeV加速器上的研究结果。     

Design studies on the 4π the ETF experiment y-ray calorimeter for at HIRFL-CSR

A high detection efficiency calorimeter which is used to detect γ-rays with energies from 1 MeV up to 10 MeV as well as light charged particles has been proposed. Design of the geometry, results of the crystal tests and Monte Carlo simulations are present