Experimental research on combined effect of obstacle and local spraying water fog on hydrogen/air premixed explosion

In order to reveal the mechanism of water fog explosion suppression and research the combined effect of water fog and obstacle on hydrogen/air deflagration, multiple sets of experiments were set up. The results show that the instability of thermal diffusion under lean combustion conditions is the main influencing factor of hydrogen/air flame surface instability, and the existence of water fog will aggravate the hydrogen/air flame surface instability. When obstacle is not considered, 8 μm, 15 μm, 30 μm water fog can significantly reduce the flame velocity and explosion overpressure of hydrogen/air, 45 μm fine water fog plays the opposite role. When considering the relative position of the water fog release position and the obstacle, the 8 μm, 15 μm, 30 μm water fog has almost no suppression effect when released near the obstacle, but a significant suppression effect occur, when using the 45 μm water fog. In the field of theoretical research, the research results not only provide an experimental basis for the fine water fog to reduce the consequences of hydrogen explosion accidents, and the optimal diameter range used by the water fog, but also provide experimental reference for the numerical simulation of hydrogen/air explosion suppression in semi-open space, and promote the development of hydrogen explosion suppression theory. In terms of engineering applications, this study can provide a theoretical basis for the layout of fire fighting equipment in the engine room of nuclear power plants or hydrogen-powered ships.     

NaSCN装置脫色釜H_2S爆燃的原因分析与对策

分析了NaSCN装置脱色釜爆燃的原因,找出了引起爆燃的主要因素,提出了脱色生产安全防范措施。     

Supersonic driven detonation dynamics for rotating detonation engines

In this paper we present the first exploration of detonation wave propagation dynamics in premixed supersonic flows using a novel rotating detonation engine (RDE) configuration. An RDE with a coupled linear extension, referred to as ρDE, is used to divide detonations traveling radially in the RDE into linearly propagating waves. A tangential propagating wave is directed down a modular tangential linearized extension to the engine for ease of optical diagnostics and hardware configuration investigations. A premixed Mach 2 supersonic linear extension is coupled to the ρDE to investigate the effects of varying crossflow configurations for detonation propagation, particularly the interaction between detonations and supersonic reactive mixtures. Detonation waves are generated at the steady operating frequency of the RDE and visualized using high speed schlieren and broadband OH* chemiluminescence imaging. The stagnation pressure was varied from over- to ideally-expanded supersonic regimes. Experimental analysis of detonation interaction with the supersonic regimes show that the detonation propagates freely in the ideally-expanded regime. Deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) occurs in the over-expanded regime. Based on the data collected, the DDT process favors supersonic flow with higher source pressures.     

The flame propagation characteristics and detonation parameters of ammonia/oxygen in a large-scale horizontal tube: As a carbon-free fuel and hydrogen-energy carrier

As a carbon-free fuel and a hydrogen-energy carrier, ammonia is a potential candidate for future energy utilization. Therefore, in order to promote the application of ammonia in detonation engines and to evaluate the safety of ammonia related industrial process, DDT experiments for ammonia/oxygen mixtures with different ERs were carried out in a large-scale horizontal tube. Moreover, pressure transducers and self-developed temperature sensors were applied to record the overpressure and the instantaneous flame temperature during DDT process. The results show that the DDT process in ammonia/oxygen mixtures contains four stages: Slow propagation stage, Flame and pressure wave acceleration stage, Fast propagation and detonation wave formation stage, Detonation wave self-sustained propagation stage. For stoichiometric ammonia/oxygen mixtures, flame front and the leading shock wave propagate one after another with different velocity, until they closely coupled and propagated together with one steady velocity. At the same time, it is found that an interesting retonation wave propagates backward. The peak overpressure, detonation velocity, and flame temperature of the self-sustained detonation are 2 MPa, 2000 m/s and 3500 K, respectively. With the ER increased from 0.6 to 1.6, the detonation velocities and peak overpressures ranged from 2310 m/s to 2480 m/s and 25.6 bar–28.7 bar, respectively. In addition, the detonation parameters of ammonia were compared with those of methane and hydrogen to evaluate the detonation performance and destructiveness of ammonia.     

邛崃1井氮气钻井事故分析(Ⅰ)——构成事故的重要事件

位于四川盆地西部的邛崃1井在侏罗系沙溪庙组地层实施氮气钻井时发生了恶性井喷爆燃事故,这是发生在我国的第一起氮气钻井事故,对尚处于起步阶段的气体钻井技术的发展产生了很大的负面影响,并已经导致了气体钻井应用的大幅度减少。因此,对该次事故进行系统分析并形成正确的认识将是恢复气体钻井技术良性发展的紧迫需要。为此,首先证明了地层产气量过大并非该井事故的根本原因,然后推测了构成事故的重要事件;首次发现气体钻井钻穿裂缝性气层时由于岩石突然爆碎而引发的岩石和天然气猛烈喷出的现象,并将这种现象命名为气体钻井中的"气炮式岩爆井喷",参考矿山行业术语简称"岩爆"或"岩炮"。研究结果表明:①在裂缝性致密砂岩气层中实施气体钻井时的"岩爆"现象是第一位的重要事件或根源事件;②岩爆的大量碎屑和高压气体喷入井内,并在井内反复产生堵塞和卡钻,是岩爆的诱发事件;③然而事故最直接的重要事件却是岩爆碎屑在排砂管线内的堵塞和由此产生的井口高压;④井口高压使得排砂管线爆裂并引发天然气喷出和爆燃,这是事故的直接表象。     

“应力集中控制爆破”在采石中的应用研究

“应力集中控制爆破”开采石材由两个关键部分组成:方便易行的刻槽技术和安全廉价的低爆压炸药。 岩石呈脆性,在岩石上开槽的技术是人们十分关注的研究课题。根据格里菲斯断裂理论可知,在裂纹前缘尖端区域,应力场具有价的奇异性,也就是说具有高度应力集中的特性。在“应力集中控制爆破”开采石材中,开凿应力集中槽用手持式凿岩机完成,先钻孔后开槽,无论是在花岗岩或大理石上开槽,开槽时间仅只有钻孔时间的1/15～1/20。笔者认为机械开槽是今后发展的必然趋势,爆炸物质反应类型,即爆轰或爆燃,这在很大程度上取决于激发方式,而点火式正是石材开采中低爆压炸药的起爆方式。     

钼系延期药的研究与应用

介绍了一种钼系延期药,并对影响该延期药燃速的因素进行了试验研究。现已应用于导爆管雷管中,取得了很好的效果。     

Effect of Temperature,Density and Confinement on Deflagration to Detonation Transition of an HMX‐Based Explosive

In order to obtain the characteristics of the deflagration‐to‐detonation transition (DDT) of PBX‐2 (an HMX‐based explosive) under different conditions, DDT tests were carried out as a function of charge density, temperature, and shell confinement. In these tests, the energetic materials were electrically ignited. The DDT response characteristics for PBX‐2 with 53 % and 99 % of theoretical maximum density (TMD) were evaluated by different shell thickness confinements at ambient temperature and at 85 °C. The test results with different densities, confinements and temperatures exhibited a wide range of reaction violence. Firstly, at both ambient temperature and at 85 °C under 10 and 20 mm shell thickness confinement, PBX‐2 did not undergo fully DDT at 99 % TMD, only a low velocity detonation (LVD) occurred. Secondly, PBX‐2 at 53 % TMD underwent DDT, and significant influence on the minimum run distance to detonation by the shell confinement thickness was observed. Strong confinement is favorable for the transition of DDT but the confinement does not influence reaction degree. Thirdly, the reaction degree of PBX‐2 at 85 °C was remarkably lower than that at ambient temperature. This insensitizing effect of temperature is induced by the melting and flowing of bonders which reduces the porosity and inhibits an important step of DDT, namely, high turbulent combustion.     

The explosion thermal behavior of H2/CH4/air mixtures in a closed 20 L vessel

In this work, the explosion thermal behavior of H₂/CH₄/air mixtures, at different equivalence ratios (0.6–1.6) and hydrogen volume fractions (0%–100), was investigated in a confined 20-L chamber. The parameters of explosion time and pressure, as well as the explosion heat loss were quantitatively studied and analyzed. Moreover, the dominant chain reactions of the explosion process and heat release were identified via the detailed mechanism of the Foundational Fuel Chemistry Model (FFCM1). The results indicated that an increased H₂ volume fraction in the mixtures increased the peak explosion pressure, maximum pressure rise rate and deflagration index. In addition, the explosion duration and fast-burning period were greatly shortened. Both the adiabatic flame temperature and thermal diffusivity monotonically increased with increasing H₂ volume ratio. Moreover, the enhancement effect of the H₂ ratio on the thermal diffusivity of H₂/CH₄ mixtures was more prominent for fuel-rich mixtures than for fuel-lean mixtures. The obtained quantitative results are helpful for developing measures to prevent the potential explosion accidents.