Experimental and numerical analysis of the influence of cable tray arrangements on the resulting mass loss rate and fire spreading

In the context of industrial buildings and power plants, electrical installations and cable trays represent a main fuel load and a potential initial fire source due to possible short circuits or comparable malfunction. Furthermore, a fire can spread from one tray to additional trays mounted above and/or horizontally on one tray. Because of the high significance of cable fires, several research projects have been carried out, investigating the fire behaviour of cables from small‐scale tests, eg, the cone calorimeter, up to large‐scale tests, analysing complete cable tray constructions. The goal of the work presented in this paper is the extension of the knowledge regarding the influence of geometrical parameters like the packing density and tray distance on the burning behaviour and fire spread of cable tray installations. The results are considered, together with test results from the literature, to quantify the main physical parameters describing the burning behaviour. In a next step, the general applicability of these parameters as input data for the parametrization of the source term of numerical simulations is shown. The test results show that the burning behaviour and the fire spreading highly depend on the cable arrangement of the cables on the cable tray, in combination with other boundary conditions. By applying the results as input for a fire simulation, the mass loss rate is considered appropriately.     

Laboratory and Field Consumer Evaluation Relationships for Menu Items Processed in Retortable Trays for Quantity Foodservice

Problems associated with provision of food in quantity foodservices prompted the development and use of prepared food items processed in retortable trays. Consumer acceptance of such foods was required so that the items could be screened for foodservice application. Consumer tests, using small portion samples and sensory testing under laboratory conditions, gave a relatively reliable prediction of acceptability of most of the items under extended-use consumer testing during a field trial. Final field acceptance of some items was influenced by external factors not accounted for in laboratory testing.     

填料-旋流板脱硫塔在净化加压变脱改造中的设计与应用

阐述了以塑料阶梯环填料与带溢流锥双程叶片旋流塔板组合的新型复合脱硫塔的设计开发,其结构特点为旋流板塔板采用了双程叶片结构,溢流装置采用新型带螺旋叶片结构,塔上部设置高2.53m填料层,改进并优化了喷淋装置及气体进、出口结构等。通过实际应用,证明该型脱硫塔在净化加压变换气脱硫工序中的应用是成功的。     

浸出车间蒸脱机结构及关键操作参数控制

蒸脱机(DT)是浸出车间最为关键的大型设备之一,蒸脱机蒸汽耗量占整个浸出车间的75%,电耗(含主驱动和DC风机)占整个浸出车间的75%。蒸脱机通常由预脱层、混脱层和直接汽层组成,DT层数和直径根据产量大小确定。在生产过程中,控制好DT的气相温度、料层高度、料层温度和直接汽量尤为重要。气相温度由直接汽量控制,反映DT的蒸汽利用效率;料层高度决定豆粕在DT中的停留时间,停留时间和料层温度影响豆粕的脲酶活性和蛋白溶解度,从而影响豆粕品质。     

大型塔板液体等停留时间分布的研究(Ⅰ)--实验测试方法和液流分布模式分析

大型塔板上液体的不均匀流动会严重降低塔板效率，液体等停留时间分布能直接反映咎板上液体的不均匀流动状况和真实流动特性，能由等停留时间分布预测塔板效率，并据此提出改善塔板效率的措施．介绍了测试大型塔板上液体等停留时问分布的四类方法：摄像法、电导法、光纤法和温度示踪法，评价了各类方法的优缺点，并综述了单溢流塔板、双溢流塔板、DJ塔板和导向筛板四种具有代表性塔板的液体等停留时间分布曲线．认为由于DJ塔板与导向筛板采用了合理的改进措施，使得液流分布更均匀．     

复合塔流体力学性能研究

通过冷模实验探讨了复合塔流体力学性能 .以水 -空气为系统 ,采用穿流筛板与不同直径或不同装填厚度的拉西环填料 ,并与普通穿流筛板进行比较 .实验结果表明 ,复合塔板压降小 ,雾沫夹带量小 .关联的实验数据 ,可供设计与研究使用 .     

舌形变截面增压器的平台试验与匹配特性

在分析舌形变截面蜗壳工作原理的基础上,提出设计构思。经平台试验可知,舌形挡板可变截面对柴油机性能具有多方面的影响,挡板开度过大增压器效率下降。用自行研制的舌形挡板增压器在WD615.61型柴油机上进行了外特性运行,结果表明;挡板最佳开度为4°～12°;在此开度运行,油耗率下降2％～3％,扭矩和功率均提高2％～3％。     

Factors affecting the suitability of aluminium-foil trays for microwave oven heating: Comparison with plastic trays

The suitability of shallow aluminium trays (thickness of food layer 20 mm) for heating of different casseroles in microwave ovens was extensively studied. The effects of the shapes and sizes of the trays, the initial temperature and the type of oven were tested systematically for the usability of the aluminium trays, the required heating time and heating results. The results were compared with those obtained using CPET trays. It was also investigated whether incorrect placing of an aluminium tray in the oven would cause risk situations, such as arcing. It was found that, when used correctly, aluminium trays are suitable for heating of both frozen and chilled casserole products in a microwave oven. Especially in the case of frozen products, aluminium trays are more suitable than plastic trays. The post-heating quality can be improved by packaging of foods in an aluminium tray instead of a plastic tray. The shape of the trays also has an important role. Aluminium trays are better suited than plastic trays for heating in a combination oven.     

国内新型浮阀塔板评述

介绍国内近期应用较多的各种新型浮阀塔板。     

新型旋转床性能研究

研究了新型折流式旋转床的压降和传质性能。以乙醇 -水为物系 ,对不同转速和气液流量下的压降与传质性能进行了精馏试验。结果表明 ,旋转床气相压降随 F因子和旋转速度的增大而增大 ;传质效率随旋转速度的增大而增大 ,但随通量的增加几乎不发生变化。分离效果最高能达到5 .8块理论塔板 ,相当于每米 48.3块理论塔板。